












Mineral Land 

Surveying 


A technical treatise on the surveying - and patenting 
of mineral land, designed for the use of 
Mineral Surve3 T ors and Students 
of Mining Engineering 


BY 

JAMES UNDERHILL, Ph. D, 

!( 

Mining Engineer 

U. S. Mineral Surve3-or for Colorado. 


Second Edition 





1910 

Til •; MINING SCIENCE PUBLISHING COMPANY 
DENVER, COLORADO, U. S. A. 







Copyright 1910 By 

THE MINING SCIENCE PUBLISHING COMPANY 
Denver, Colorado 



‘ i s 

©CU259751 


Lt-jL / 


Table of Contents 


CHAPTER I. 

DIRECT SOLAR OBSERVATIONS. 

Flacing the Sun — Derivation of Formula — Examples of 
Observations and Figuring — Latitude Observations—• 

Errors in Observations of Latitude — Second Formula 1-18 

CHAPTER II. 

SOLAR ATTACHMENTS. 

The Shattuck Solar — The Burt Solar — The Berger and 

Saegmuller Solars. 19-41 


CHAPTER III. 

MEASUREMENTS. 

Traversing — Measuring — Stations — Slope Measurements 
— Obstacles — Closing Lines in Traversing — Rule for 
Azimuth. 42-51 


CHAPTER IV. 

LOCATION SURVEYS. 

Lode Locations — Note Book — Location Certificate — An¬ 
gular Claims — Relocation and Amended Location — 

Mill Sites and Placers — Double Meridian Distances — 
Tunnel Sites — Legal Subdivisions — Tracing Vein 
Extensions. 52-85 


CHAPTER V. 

PATENT SURVEYS. 

Surveying for Patent — Angles from Courses — Patent 
Figuring — Area Statement — Miscellaneous on Pat¬ 
ents— Adverses and Protests. 86-123 







CHAPTER VI. 


PATENT FIELD NOTES. 
Patent Field Notes. 


124-158 


CHAPTER VII. 

LAND OFFICE AND RECORDS. 

Office United States Surveyor General — Land Office 

Regulations — Public and Private Records.159-177 


CHAPTER VIII. 

EXAMINATION FOR COMMISSION UNITED STATES 
MINERAL SURVEYOR. 

Placer Calculations — Lode Line Calculation—Subdivision 
of Section — Examination Questions. South Dakota, 
California, Oregon — The Patenting of Mineral Lands.178-202 


APPENDIX. 


Instructions to United States Mineral Surveyors 


203-229 





PREFACE. 


I N the work which follows an attempt has been made 
to describe the methods used at the present time 
in the survey of mineral lands in the western por¬ 
tion of the United States. Only as much of general sur¬ 
veying has been given as is necessary to a clear under¬ 
standing of the subject, and the reader is referred to the 
various text books on surveying- for all information of a 
general nature. The reader is also referred to Morrison's 
Mining Rights for the treatment of the purely legal points. 

It will be impossible to give credit to all those who have 
assisted the writer, either during the period v T hen the work 
was appearing as a serial in Mining Reporter, or in its 
final incorporation in book form. To all those who have 
assisted, the w T riter wishes to express his heartfelt thanks, 
and especially to Professors L. E. Young, E. M., and A. J. 
Hoskin, Mech. E. of the Colorado School of Mines; Pro¬ 
fessor Mark Ehle, E. M., of the South Dakota School of 
Mines; N. H. Brown, E. M., U. S. Mineral Surveyor, for¬ 
merly Chief of the Mineral Division, and M. E. Blake, the 
present Chief of the Mineral Division, Office U. S. Surveyor 
General for Colorado. The wwiter is also indebted to H. 
G. Moulton, E. M., and P. P. Barbour, E. M., U. S. Mineral, 
Surveyors, for many valuable suggestions, and to William 
Hyland for assistance in the calculations. 

Thanks are due Wm. Ainsworth & Sons, and W. & L. 
E. Gurley for permission to use cuts and descriptive mat¬ 
ter concerning the Shattuck and Burt Solars. 

The writer, in conclusion, cannot acknowledge too 
strongly the assistance of his wife, which has been invalu¬ 
able to him. 





CHAPTER I. 


Direct Solar Observation. 

Of the applications of plane surveying to the survey 
of mineral lands, no one is more representative or has been 
more greatly perfected in the West than the use of the sun 
to determine the bearing of a given line. For many years 
bearings were determined by the use of various solar at¬ 
tachments, but of late years the method known as the di¬ 
rect observation seems to have almost entirely taken their 
place. W'hile with grdat care any one of the several solar 
attachments on the market will give fair or even good 
results, they are all relatively expensive, fragile and with 
one exception, easily thrown out of adjustment. With the 
method known as the direct observation, no attachment is 
needed to the ordinary transit provided with a vertical arc 
or circle, preferably the latter, and no adjustment has to 
be considered other than those necessary to use in every 
transit in mineral land surveying. 

As the exact determination of the bearings of lines is 
probably more important in mineral land surveying than 
in perhaps any other branch of engineering, disregarding 
of course geodetic work, it will be taken up in 'detail. 

To determine the bearing of a line by direct observation, 
the transit is set up as solidly as possible and carefully 
leveled. The line whose bearing is to be determined may 
be considered 0° and the upper plate set at 0°, or if the 
bearing is approximately known, the upper plate may be 
set at the assumed bearing to be afterwards corrected. 
If more convenient, the assumed bearing of a line to some 
prominent object may be taken, and the first course re¬ 
quired on the survey deflected from this line. The upper 
plate is then loosened and the telescope pointed at the sun. 



o 


MINERAL. LAND SURVEYING. 


The sun may be observed in various ways; for example, 
through a colored glass placed over the eye-piece, to which 
may be added a prism when the sun is very high. This 
colored glass may be very conveniently placed in the slid¬ 
ing cover of the eye-piece and is thus always ready for 
use. As this method involves the attachment of the col¬ 
ored glass, and also when the sun is high some personal 
discomfort as regards the position of the head, a card, 
sheet of paper, or better the brown back of a note-book, 
which latter does away with the glare on a white surface, 
may be used. On this surface, preferably held by the 
assistant, the cross wires are first focused, and finally the 
sun is brought into the proper position, by the aid of the 
tangent screws. 

A Davis screen is a piece of apparatus attached to the 
telescope to answer the same purpose as the card men¬ 
tioned above, and its use leaves both hands free to manip¬ 
ulate the instrument. Otherwise it is of no great advan¬ 
tage. 

In regard to placing the sun with reference to cross 
wires, there are many opinions. In most treatises we are 
instructed not to bisect the sun, as in Fig. 1 A, but to place 
it in one quadrant, as in Fig. 1 B, as it can thus be ob¬ 
served more accurately. While this is perfectly true, es¬ 
pecially with inverting instruments, a correction for semi¬ 
diameter .of the sun must be made, and the operation is 
liable to be somewhat confusing to the beginner. The 
student is therefore advised at first to divide the sun into 
quadrants by the two cross hairs (Fig. 1 A) leaving tho 
method of placing the cross hairs tangent until proficiency 
is secured. As an error of one minute in placing the ver¬ 
tical cross wire causes an error of one minute in the re¬ 
sulting azimuth, while an error of one minute in placing 
the horizontal wire causes an error of several minutes in 
the result, it might be well to place the sun as in Fig. 1 C. 
The reason for this will readily be seen on examining the 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


3 


examples which follow. The sun, in very accurate work, 
is sometimes placed in a rectangle or other arrangement 
of cross wires, but in ordinary work these are unnecessary 
refinements. 




Fig. 1 A. 



direct observation is to place the sun tangent to the cross 
wires first in the N. E. corner with the telescope normal, 
and then in the S. W. corner with the telescope inverted. 
These are the best positions in the morning. In the after¬ 
noon the other two quadrants had best be used in order 
that the sun may be moving in the same direction with 
reference to the cross wires. The average of the two ver¬ 
tical and two horizontal angles are used in each case in 
the subsequent calculations, and in this way all considera¬ 
tion of the semi-diameter of the sun is avoided. At least 

two sets of such observations must be made, otherwise 

♦ 

there is no check. 

In an instrument provided with stadia wires, care must 
be taken not to confuse these with the horizontal cross 






















4 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


wire. It is also well not to assume, without a trial, that 
the stadia wires are each equally distant from the hori¬ 
zontal cross wire. 

If the stadia wires are correctly placed they should be 
0° 34' 22" apart, and each 0° 17' 11" from the center hori¬ 
zontal wire. As the sun’s semi-diameter varies around 
0° 16' the stadia wires may be used with advantage to 
place the sun with a very slight probable error. (Fig. ID.) 

We will assume that the sun has been bisected. The 
vertical and horizontal circles are then read and noted and 
an observation made with the telescope inverted, assuming 
that the first observation was made with the telescope 
normal. By averaging - the two results all errors of ad¬ 
justment or in levelling the instrument are obviated. As a 
check a number of observations may be made on the sun, 
and the writer finds that two each with normal and in¬ 
verted telescope are sufficient. The observations should not 
be made within two hours on each side of noon, nor when 
the sun is too near the horizon, as the correction for re¬ 
fraction is then too great. 

The direct solar observation depends on the solution of 
a spherical triangle (see Fig. 2*) whose sides are all 
known, and whose angle between two planes is desired. 
These planes, as can be seen from the figure, are one, 
observer, zenith, pole; and the other, observer, zenith, sun. 
In our work we have first the latitude, distance pole to 
horizon or zenith to equator, and therefore the co-latitude 
(90°—latitude) for one side; or, in other words, we have 
from pole to zenith; we have the declination, distance of 
the sun above or below the equator and therefore the co-, 
declination (90°—declination), that is from pole to sun, 
and we finally get the altitude and thence the co-altitude 


’"Redrawn from the Bulletin, Colorado School of Mines. 
January, 1901, “Determination of the Meridian by the Di¬ 
rect Solar Observation.” Edward P. Arthur, Jr., E. M. 



MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


5 


(90°—the altitude) by the solar observation with the transit 
as described above. In Fig. 2 the sun is shown by solid 
lines north of the equator and by dotted lines south of the 
equator. This also showing its position before noon. This 



triangle may be solved by any one of the various form¬ 
ulas found in every treatise on spherical trigonometry. 

The best formula, however, for the direct observation 
is that derived by John G. McElroy, of Breckenridge, Colo- 














6 


MINERAL, LAND SURVEYING. 


rado, and given in the Michigan Engineer’s Annual for 
1889, page 62, as follows: 


sin d 


a 


Cos Z — ± 


rp tan 1 tan a. 


cos 1 cos a 


which is simply a modification of one of the fundamental 
equations of spherical trigonometry. 

Before illustrating the utility of the formula and the 
facility with which it may be logarithmically reduced, it 
will be proper, for the sake of completion, to give the ar¬ 
gument on which it rests. To this end let P Z S, Fig. 3, 
be a spherical triangle, and K an arc of a great circle 
drawn from Z perpendicular to P S,— (or to P S produced). 


z 



p 


Fig. 3. 


Then from the triangle P Z D, 

cos s = cos k cos (z—x): 
and from the triangle S Z D, 

cos p = cos k cos x 
Eliminating cos k, we find 


( 1 ) 


( 2 ) 


cos s cos (z— X) 


= cos z -f sin z tan x. 


(3) 


cos p 


COS X 






MINERAL, LAND SURVEYING. 


7 



3ut, from SZD, cos S = tan x cot p; 

sin p 

whence, tan x —-cos S. (4) 

cos p 

Placing this in (3) there results 

cos s sin p sin z 

-= cos z -)-- cos S; 

cos p cos p 

or, cos s = cos p cos z + sin p sin z cos S (5) 

This is the above-mentioned ‘fundamental equation.’ 
It asserts that the cosine of either side of a spherical 












8 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


triangle equals the product of the cosines of the other 
sides, plus the product of the sines of those sides into the 
cosine of their included angle. To apply it to the deriva¬ 
tion of our solar formula, let us consider Fig - . 4, which rep¬ 
resents the four astronomical triangles, PZS, PZS', P'Z'S, 
and P'Z'S', projected on the plane of the meridian PNHZ. 
In a. m. observations the azimuth angles at Z or Z' will 
be estimated from the north to the right; in p. m. observa¬ 
tions from the north to the left. 

We adopt the following notation: 

PP' — axis of the celestial sphere. 

P = the celestial north pole. 

P' =: the celestial south pole. 

EQ = the celestial equator. 

HO = the celestial horizon of which the poles are Z 
and N. (Note.—The horizon of which Z' and N' are the 
poles is not shown in the Fig.; it would be projected as a 
diameter perpendicular to Z' N'.) 

Z and N = zenith and nadir of an observer in north 
latitude. Z' and N' = zenith and nadir of an observer in 
south latitude. 

EZ — 1 = observer’s latitude when at Z. 

EZ' = 1 = observer’s latitude when at Z'. 

S = the sun when north of the equator. 

S' = the sun when south of the equator. 

VS — d — the sun’s declination when north. 

VS' = d = the sun’s declination when south. 

PS = the sun’s north polar distance when north. 

PS' = the sun’s north polar distance when south. 

MS — a — the sun’s altitude when north. 

M'S'= a = the sun’s altitude when south. 

pp' = the sun’s daily path when north. 

PiP 2 = the sun’s daily path when south. 

It will be sufficient to consider the particular case of an 
observer in north latitude, and the sun in north declina¬ 
tion (whence d and 1 are positive; a is always positive), 
and then make our results general by properly observing 
the signs of d and 1. 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


9 


The case assumed is illustrated by the triangle PZS 
(Fig. 4), in which— 

PS = 90° — VS = 90° — d, 

PZ = 90° — EZ = 90° — 1, 

SZ — 90° — MS = 90° — a, 

and the sun’s azimuth angle PZS is required. It is found 

thus: By applying the principle of which equation (5) is 

the enunciation to the angle PZS, we have— 

cos PS = cos PZ. cos SZ -f sin PZ. sin SZ. cos Z; 
or, cos (90°—d) = cos (90°—1) cos (90°—a) 

+ sin (90°—1) sin (90°—a) cos Z, 
whence, sin d = sin 1 sin a + cos 1 cos a cos Z. 

sin d 

From this, cos Z =-tan 1 tan a (6) 

cos 1 cos a 

In (6) cos 1, cos a, and tan a, are always positive, but 
sin d and tan 1 will respectively have the signs of d and 1; 
hence to prevent mistakes it is advisable to write the ex¬ 
pression in the form 

sin d 

cos Z — ± -qr tan 1 tan a, (7) 

cos 1 cos a 

which is the desired solar formula. 

With respect to the signs of the formula, the surveyor 
has simply to remember that the first term of the second 
member is 

-f- for north declinations, 

— for south declinations, 

and that the second term is 

— for north latitudes, 

+ for south latitudes. 

For north latitudes the formula always gives negative 
values for cos Z when the declination is south, and also 
for such north declinations and values of a as render sin 
d less than sin 1 sin a; but when cos Z is negative, Z is 
greater than 90°, and hence the positive value of the cosine, 





10 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


as taken from the table of ‘Naturals’ is the cosine of 
(180°—Z), (i. e., of EZS, the azimuth from the south) for 
— cos Z = cos (180°—Z).” 

In the case of observations taken near the Summer 
solstice, it must be remembered that one may get the sun 
north of east or north of west when one is working near 
sunrise or sundown. Care must be taken, therefore, not to 
set this down as a south course merely because the sun is 
normally in the south as the result of observation. 

As an example we will take the following series of 
direct observations on the sun, the first two with telescope 
normal, and the last two with telescope inverted: 



Fig. 5. 






MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


11 


Angle to right from line to be determined. 


Altitude of sun. 


233° 

16' 

(See Fig. 5) 

1 

52° 

51' 

233° 

33' 



53° 

03' 

234° 

01' 


1 

53° 

18' 

234° 

17' 


1 

1 

53° 

29' 


Difference for 1 hour = 29.45 

5 


60 ( 147.25 


Difference for 5 hours = 2' 27" 

July 22, 1905, 10 a. m., latitude 39° 47' north. 

Dec. Greenwich apparent noon... 20° 22'18.1" 

Less 5 hours west . 2' 27.0" 


20° 19' 51.1" 

Call 20° 19' 51" = 20° 20' 


Cos azimuth 


sin 20° 20' 

-tan 39° 47' 

cos 39° 47'. cos 52° 50* etc. [tan 52° 50* etc. 

log sin 20° 20' = 9.540931 
log cos 39° 47' = 9.885627 


9.655304 

9.655304 

log cos 52° 50' = 9.781134 


log .7485 = 9.874170 


♦Corrected for refraction—always diminished. 


I 














12 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


log tan 39° 47' = 9.920476 
log tan 52° 50' =10.120259 


log 1.0984 = 0.04073? 

‘ .7485 


.3499 = nat. cos. 69° 31' (course of sun) 

233° 16' 


302° 47' 
9.655304 

log cos 53° 2' = 9.779128 


log .7519 


= 9.876178 


log tan 39° 47' = 9.920476 
log tan 53° 2' =10.123411 


log 1.1066 
.7519 


= 0.043887 


.3547 = nat. cos. 69° 14' (course of sun) 

233° 33' 


302° 47' 

360° 00' 

302° 47' 


S 57° 13' W (See Fig. 5.) 
9.655304 

log cos 53° 17' = 9.776598 


log .7564 

log tan 39° 47' 
log tan 53° 17' 

log 1.1163 
.7564 

.3599 = 


= 9.878706 

= 9.920476 
= 10.127360 

= 0.047836 

nat cos. 68° 54' 
234° 01' 


302° 55' 














MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


13 


log cos 53° 

28' 

9.655304 
= 9.774729 

log .7596 


= 9.880575 

log tan 39° 

47' 

= 9.920476 

log tan 53° 

28' 

= 10.130263 

log 1.1239 


= 0.050739 

.7596 




.3643 = nat. cos. 68° 38' 

234° 17' 


302° 55' 


I-* 

CO 



13' 



05' 

360° 

o 

o 

05' 

302° 

55' 

4 ( 36' 

S. 57° 

5' W. 


9' 

Average course of line, S. 57° 9' W. 


It will be seen that the cos and tan of the latitude and 
altitude, respectively, are found on the same line in the 
tables and are set down at the same time for calculation. 

The sun’s semi-diameter varies from about 16' 15" on 
January 1st to 15' 45" on July 2nd, and is found in the 
Ephemeris. The average, 16' nearly, will do for ordinary 
work. 

The refraction, always subtracted from the apparent 
altitude, is 57" X tan zenith distance of sun or by table. 









14 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


Mean Refraction (to be Subtracted from Observed Alti¬ 
tude) Barometer 30 inches; Thermometer 
50° Fahrenheit. 


Altitude. 

Refraction. 

Altitude. 

Refraction. 

10° 

5'19" 

20° 

2'39" 

11 

4 51 

25 

2 04 

12 

4 27 

30 

1 41 

13 

4 07 

35 

1 23 

14 

3 49 

40 

1 09 

15 

3 34 

45 

58 

16 

3 20 

50 

49 

17 ' 

3 08 

60 

34 

18 

2 57 

70 

21 

19 

2 48 

80 

10 


The declination is taken from any ephemeris such as is 
published by many instrument makers. At Denver we are 
seven hours later in apparent time than Greenwich, one 
hour for each 15° of longitude, and this difference in time 
multiplied by the hourly difference given in the ephemeris 
is added or subtracted, as the declination is increasing or 
decreasing, to or from the declination given for Grenwich 
noon. 

Latitude. 

The latitude is taken from any good map, such as those 
of the United States Geological Survey, and carried from 
the initial point when necessary. At latitude 40°, one min¬ 
ute of latitude equals 6,070 feet, or one mile equals 52 sec¬ 
onds of latitude. A surveyor doing- considerable work in 
one district will prepare a table showing cosines and tan¬ 
gents for latitudes likely to be of use, and thus avoid look¬ 
ing them up in a large table every time an observation is 
figured. 

When the latitude is known approximately, observations 
may be taken at equal intervals before and after apparent 
noon, and various figures for latitude tried till one is found 
which gives the same azimuth in the morning as in the 
afternoon. When the latitude is absolutely unknown, it 
may be found as follows: Set up the instrument in plenty 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


15 


of time before apparent noon. Bisect the sun with vertical 
cross wire and either bisect it with horizontal cross wire, 
or place tangent. Follow the sun till it ceases to rise. Care 
must be taken in the observation to allow plenty of space 
through which the tangent screws may be moved, other¬ 
wise they are liable to give out at a critical moment. As 

z 



Fig. 6. 


the instrument cannot be reversed as in the case of the 
direct sight, it is well to level the telescope immediately 
after the observation and note the index error, adding or 
subtracting it for the angle observed. In instruments 
with a movable arc, the arc had best be set at zero imme¬ 
diately after getting the sun. The telescope is then leveled 
and the angle read, thus avoiding errors incidental to set¬ 
tling of the instrument during a long observation. 

When the observer is north of the equator the latitude 








16 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


then equals the zenith distance plus or minus the declina¬ 
tion for apparent noon. Lat. = (90° — altitude*) -f decli¬ 
nation, when the sun is north of the equator, and Lat. 
= (90° — altitude*) — declination, when the sun is south 
of the equator. 

When the observer is south of the equator the above is 
reversed. 

In Fig - . 6, which represents a section of the celestial 
sphere on the meridian, we have ZN Zenith to Nadir line, 
PP' line joining the poles, QQ the equator, and HH' the 
horizon. While S and S' shows the position of the sun, 
Z and Z' the zenith distance, a and a' the altitude, and d 
and d' the declinations, respectively, when the sun is south 
or north of the equator and the observer in north latitude. 
Example: October 20, 1905; 12 m.; Longitude 105° 30' -j- W. 

Altitude sun’s upper limb = 40° 15' 

Less refraction = 0° 1' 

Less semi diameter = 0° 16' 


Altitude sun’s center 

Declination Greenwich A. T. = 
Diff. 1 hr. = 54.01. Diff. 7 hrs. = 

Declin. Longitude 105° 30' + W. = 


Latitude place of observation = 


39° 

58' 


O 

O 

tH 

11' 

50" 


6' 

30" 

10° 

18' 

20" 

90° 

00' 


39° 

58' 


50° 

2' 


10° 

18' 

20" 

39° 

43' 

40" 


By inspection of the following table errors resulting from 
the use of erroneous data for declination or latitude may 
be found. 


’"(Corrected for refraction). 







MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


17 


Errors in Azimuth for 1 Min. Error in Declination or 

Latitude. 


No. of Hrs. For 1 Min. Error in For 1 Min. Error in 

from-Declination-Latitude- 


Noon. 

Lat. 30° 

Lat. 40° 

Lat. 50° 

Lat. 30° Lat. 40° 

Lat. 50° 

h m 

Min. 

Min. 

Min. 

Min. 

Min. 

Min. 

0 30 . 

. .. 8.85 

10.00 

12.90 

8.77 

9.92 

11.80 

1 00 . 

. .. 4.46 

5.05 

6.01 

4.33 

4.87 

5.80 

2 00 . 

. .. 2.31 

2.61 

3.11 

2.00 

2.26 

2.70 

3 00 . 

. . . 1.63 

1.85 

2.20 

1.15 

1.30 

1.56 

4 00 . 

. . . 1.34 

1.51 

1.80 

0.67 

0.75 

0.90 

5 00 . 

. . . 1.20 

1.35 

1.61 

0.31 

0.35 

0.37 

6 00 . 

. .. 1.15 

1.30 

1.56 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

By 

use of the above 

table the 

amount 

of the 

azimuth 

error, 

resulting 

from the use of erroneous 

Declination or 

Latitude at the 

different 

hours of 

the day, 

may be deter- 

mined. 







If 

the South 

Polar Distance used be too 

great, 

the ob- 

served 

meridian 

falls to 

the right 

of the true South Point 

in the 

forenoon, 

and to the left in 

the afternoon, 

and vice 


versa if too small. 

If the Latitude used be too great, the observed meridian 
falls to the left of the true South Point in the forenoon, and 
to the right in the afternoon, and vice versa if too small. 

Another formula for direct sight, though not so con¬ 
venient when many observations are to be worked out, but 
still useful as a check, is as follows: 


Sin y 2 A 



sin (S — L) sin (S — h) 


cos L cos h 


S = L + h + P 


2 


A =: Azimuth of the sun. 

L = Latitude of the place. 












18 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


h = Altitude of sun less refraction. 

p = Sun’s polar distance = 90° -f- the sun’s declination 
when it is south and 90°—the sun’s declination when 
it is north. 

Example: 

L — 40° 30' 
h = 23° 05' 
p = 107° 03' 

170° 38' -r- 2 = 85° 19' = S. 

S — L = 44° 49' S •— h = 62° 14' 

log sin 44° 49' — 9.848091 

log sin 62° 14' = 9.946871 

log 10 — cos 40° 30' = 0.118954 

log 10 — cos 23° 05' = 0.036243 

2)19.950159 

log sin i/ 2 A= 9.975079 
V 2 A = 70° 46' 

A = 141° 32' 

180° — 141° 32' = S. 38° 28' E. Course of observed sun. 

As A is here doubled all errors to this point are there¬ 
fore doubled. 





CHAPTER II. 


The Shattuck Solar Attachment. 

Fig. 7 is a sectional view in the plane of the Shattuck 
Patent Double Reflecting Solar Attachment, perpendicular 
to both reflectors and the pivot of the arm D. 



The frame AA, which carries the stationary mirror H, 
revolves about a main axis called the polar axis, coincident 
with the line of collimation, by means of a bearing in the 
cap B, and is held in place by two screws and a spring 
washer. It is provided with a clamp ring C, which may be 
clamped to a cap B by means of a clamp screw. A slow 
motion is obtained by means of a tangent screw and spring 
plunger (not shown) at the base of the frame AA. 














































20 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


D is a swinging arm pivoted in the frame AA as shown, 
and provided with a coiled spring which keeps the adjust¬ 
ing screw E constantly in contact with the surface of the 
lug on the outer end of the frame. This swinging arm car¬ 
ries the movable mirror I, the adjusting screw E for set¬ 
ting off the declination, the differential nut F for setting 
off the hourly change in declination, and the clamp G for 
clamping the screw E when turning the nut F. 

The ray of light from the sun or star enters from above, 
as indicated by the arrow, impinges upon the mirror I, is 
thence reflected to the mirror H, thence through the open¬ 
ing in the base of the frame AA, and through the object 
glass to the cross-hairs of the transit. 

The sun’s declination, corrected for refraction, is set off 
by means of the screw E with the aid of the limb of the 
transit, as will be explained later. The hourly change in 
the sun’s declination between the first and subsequent 

V 

readings during the day is corrected by means of the grad¬ 
uated differential nut F, each division of which represents 
one minute of arc and is turned to the right or left accord¬ 
ing as the declination is increasing to the north or to the 
south. 

The cap B is fitted to the objective end of the transit. 

The sun, in its apparent diurnal motion about the polar 
axis, follows a path parallel to the celestial equator at a 
certain angular distance from the poles. When this angle 
is set off by means of the solar attachment, and the sight¬ 
line of the telescope is set at an angle with the horizon 
equal to the latitude of the place, it is evident that it is 
impossible to view the sun on the cross-wires and follow 
it by turning the attachment on its axis except the instru¬ 
ment be in the plane of the meridian with the sight-line 
parallel to the polar axis. 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


21 


Determination of Meridian. 

To Determine the Meridian with the Shattuck Patent 
Double Reflecting- Solar Attachment, assuming the sun’s 
corrected declination for the day and hour of observation 
to be North 11° 26': 



\ 

\ 

\ 

X 

\ 

X 

\ 

Fig. 8. 


First. Sight at some point on the horizon (B, Fig. 8) 
with the solar attachment off, the telescope level and the 
vernier set at 101° 26' (90° + 11° 26'), the corrected south 
polar distance, Fig. 8, being an illustration. 



Second. With the lower plate clamped, turn the vernier 
of the horizontal limb to zero and with the solar attach¬ 
ment in place, as shown by Fig. 9, sight the same object 







22 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


(B' Fig. 9), bringing it to the cross-hairs by means of the 
adjusting screw E, which may then be clamped with the 
clamp G, Fig. 7. 

Should the object sighted be less than about a mile 
distant—depending somewhat on the focal length of the 
telescope;—allowance should be made for the distance from 
the axis of the instrument to the optical center of the 
solar attachment, as shown graphically in Fig. 9, where A 
is the axis of the instrument, B is the first point sighted, 
and B' the second point with solar attachment in place; the 
angle CAB equals the angle CDB' and the distance AD 
equals the distance BB\ With a little practice this dis¬ 
tance can be readily estimated on distant fence posts, 
bricks in houses, tree trunks or other natural objects. 

At great distances the distance BB' becomes inappreci¬ 
able and is ignored. The angle CDB' will remain at 101° 26' 
so long as the angle HEI (the angle between the reflectors) 
remains at 50° 43' (101° + 26' -r- 2), regardless of minor de¬ 
fects in the polar bearings of the attachment. 

The lower clamp may now be released. 

Third. Depress the objective of the telescope until the 
vernier of the vertical circle or arc is set at an angle equal 
to the latitude of the place of observation. 

Bring the sun’s image to the proper position on the 
cross-wires of the instrument by turning the transit on its 
vertical axis (using the lower clamp and tangent screw for 


Fig. 10. Fig. 11. 

its fine adjustment) and the solar attachment upon its 
polar axis. The sun’s image will be in the field of view 





















MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


23 


when the light from the fixed mirror is seen to pass ex¬ 
actly through the opening in the base of the frame. 

After the sun’s image has been bisected, as shown in 
Fig. 10, the bisection may be successively checked by turn¬ 
ing the tangent screw engaging the ring C, Fig. 7. 

The axis of the telescope is now parallel to the earth’s 
axis and the instrument is in the plane of the meridian 
with the vernier of the horizontal limb • set at zero. The 
solar attachment may now be removed and the azimuth 
of any desired object taken. 

If the transit is not provided with solar wires as shewn 
in Fig. 10, set off on the vertical circle the latitude minus 
the sun’s semi-diameter as given in the ephemeris, and 


% 



_ N 


Fig. 12. 


then bring the upper limb or edge of the sun to the inter¬ 
section of the cross-hairs as shown in Fig. 11, which can 
be done with great precision. 






24 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


Fig. 12 is a diagram illustrating the transit with solar at¬ 
tachment set in the meridian. A is the axis of the transit, 
PP' the polar axis, NS the meridian. The sun’s declination 
being north, the south polar distance is 90° plus the cor¬ 
rected declination. 

If the transit has a full vertical circle, the errors of ad¬ 
justment may be eliminated by taking the mean between 
normal and reverse observations, as in the case of the 
direct solar observation. 

Observations on fixed stars for the meridian or latitude 
are made with the solar attachment in exactly the same 
manner as on the sun. There being no appreciable hourly 
change in the declination of the fixed stars, the refraction 
correction for the proper hour angle is applied directly to 
the apparent declination. 

The writer has obtained perfect checks on the Shattuck 
solar by direct observation of the sun, and considers it the 
best solar made. 

To Determine the Latitude with the Shattuck Solar. 

Carefully set off in the solar the south polar distance 
of the sun at apparent noon, corrected for the refraction 
at that hour, in the same manner as previously explained. 

About fifteen minutes before noon, direct the telescope 
with the solar attached, toward the lower pole; then move 
the transit on its vertical axis and the solar on the polar 
axis until the reflected light of the sun from the fixed 
mirror is seen to exactly pass through the opening in the 
base of the frame, with the sides of the solar as nearly 
vertical as possible. The sun’s image will then be in the 
field of view. 

Now bring the upper limb or edge of the sun to the 
horizontal cross-wire by turning the tangent screw of the 
telescope axis; then by turning the tangent screw of the 
polar axis of the solar, cause the sun’s image to pass rap¬ 
idly across the field of view. If the limb of the sun passes 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 25 

parallel to the horizontal wire, the plane of the solar is in 
a vertical position; but if not, turn the solar on the polar 
axis and the transit on its vertical axis, until the plane is 
vertical as shown by this test. 

Keeping the plane of solar vertical, follow the sun’s 
upper limb with the horizontal cross-wire, by turning the 
tangent screw of the telescope axis, as long as the sun 
continues to rise. 

The sun is at its greatest altitude when it reaches the 
meridian; therefore, at apparent noon, when the sun’s im¬ 
age ceases to rise, take the reading of the vertical circle 
and add to it the sun’s semi-diameter as given in the 
ephemeris, which will give the required latitude. This is 
illustrated in Fig. 12. 

Use of Solar Ephemeris. 

The sun’s declination at Greenwich mean noon is given 
in the ephemeris for every day in the year. 

Local time at different points on the earth’s surface 
varies at the rate of one hour for every 15 degrees of 
longitude; the more easterly the place the later the local 
time. 

When it is noon according to “Eastern” (75th merid¬ 
ian), “Central” (90th meridian), “Mountain” (105th merid¬ 
ian), or “Pacific” (120th meridian) time, it is five, six, 
seven or eight hours, respectively, after noon at Green¬ 
wich. Hence, for example, to determine the declination at 
9 o’clock, a. m., “Mountain Time,” which is four hours 
(seven hours minus three hours) after mean noon at 
Greenwich, the given difference for one hour is multiplied 
by four, which gives the correction to be applied to the 
given declination, noting carefully the algebiaic signs ot 
both the declination and hourly difference as given in the 
ephemeris. 

In using the Shattuck solar attachment, the refraction 
correction is always positive, and is always added to the 


2G 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


South Polar distance, and subtracted from the North Polar 
distance when making observations in the Northern Hem¬ 
isphere. 

The declination of the sun being its distance from the 
celestial equator, the south polar distance is 90° plus or 
minus the declination, according as the sun is north or 
south of the equator. 

This refraction is found under the description of the 
Burt Solar, in a table for various latitudes and periods 
before and after noon. 

Example: 

Required the south polar distance of the sun at 3 p. m., 
“Mountain Time,” May 28, 1902, latitude 40°. 

The time is 10 hours (7 + 3) after noon at Greenwich. 

Hourly difference +24.79" 

X Number of hours 10. 


Total change in declination 
Declination at Greenwich noon 


+ 247.9" or + 4'07.9" 
+ 21 ° 21 ' 12 . 0 " 


Required declination 
Refraction (hour angle 3) 


+ 21° 25' 19.9" 
+ 00' 33.0" 


Corrected apparent declination +21° 25'52.9" 

Declination being north, add 90° 


South polar distance 111° 25' 52.9" 

To save time, it is advisable, before going into the field, 
to prepare a table for the day, giving the south polar dis¬ 
tances of the sun for every hour suitable for taking obser¬ 
vations.* * 

The Burt Solar Attachment.* 

In Fig. 13 we have a graphic illustration of the Burt 
solar apparatus, the circles shown being intended to repre- 


*The methods of figuring declination and refraction are 
given more fully under the description of the Burt Solar. 

*Taken by permission from Gurley’s Manual. 








27 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 



Fig. 


13 


Fig. 14, 


















































28 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


sent those supposed to be drawn upon the concave surface 
of the heavens. 

When the telescope is set horizontal by its spirit-level, 
the hour-circle will be in the plane of the horizon, the polar 
axis will point to the zenith, and the zeros of the vertical 
arc and its vernier will coincide. Now if we incline the 
telescope, directed north as shown in the cut, the polar axis 
will descend from the direction of the zenith. The angle 
through which it moves, being laid off on the vertical arc, 
will be the co-latitude of the place where the instrument is 
supposed to be used, the latitude itself being found by sub¬ 
tracting this number from 90°. 

When, however, the sun passes above or below the 
equator, his declination, or angular distance from it, as 
given in the ephemeris, can be set off upon the arc, and 
his image brought into position as before. 

In order to do this, however, it is necessary not only 
that the latitude and declination be correctly set off upon 
their respective arcs, but also that the instrument be 
moved in azimuth until the polar axis points to the pole 
of the heavens, or, in other words, is placed in the plane 
of the meridian; and thus the position of the sun’s image 
will indicate not only the latitude of the place, the declina¬ 
tion of the sun for the given hour and the apparent time, 
but will also determine the meridian, or true north and 
south line passing through the place where the observation 
is made. 

The interval between two equatorial lines, cc, as well 
as between the hour lines, bb (Fig. 14), is just sufficient 
to include the circular image of the sun, as formed by the 
solar lens on the opposite side of the revolving arm. 

Allowance for declination; Let us now suppose the 
observation made when the sun has passed the equinoctial 
point, and when his position is affected by declination. 

By referring to the ephemeris, and setting off on the 
arc his declination for the given day and hour, we are still 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


29 


able to determine his position with the same certainty as 
if he remained on the equator. 

When the sun’s declination is south, that is, from the 
22nd of September to the 20th of March, in each year, the 
arc is turned downward, or towards the plates of the 
transit, while during- the remainder of the year the arc is 
turned from the plates. 

When the solar attachment is accurately adjusted and 
its plates made perfectly horizontal, the latitude of the 
place (co-latitude from horizontal) and the declination of 
the sun for the given day and hour being- also set off on 
their respective arcs, and the instrument set approxi¬ 
mately north by the magnetic needle, the image of the sun 
cannot be brought between the equatorial lines until the 
polar axis is placed in the plane of the meridian of the 
place, or in a position parallel with the axis of the earth. 

The slightest deviation from this position will cause 
the image to pass above or below the lines, and thus dis¬ 
cover the error. 

To Run Lines with the Burt Solar Attachment. 

Having set off the latitude of the place (co-latitude from 
horizontal) on the vertical arc, and the declination for the 
given day and hour as computed from the tables in the 
solar ephemeris, the instrument being also carefully lev¬ 
eled by the telescope bubble, set the hoi'izontal limb at 
zero and clamp the plates, loosen the lower screw so that 
the transit moves easily upon its lower socket, set the in¬ 
strument approximately north and south, with the object- 
glass end of the telescope towards the north, turn the 
proper solar lens to the sun, and with one hand on the 
plates and the other on the revolving arm move them from 
side to side until the sun’s image is brought between the 
equatorial lines on the silver plate. 

The lower clamp of the instrument should now be 
fastened, and any further lateral movement be made by 



30 


MINERAL, LAND SURVEYING. 


the tangent screw of the levelling head. The necessary 
allowance being made for refraction, the telescope will be 
in the true meridian from which any lines desired may be 
deflected. 

The declination of the sun given in the Ephemeris, or 
Nautical Almanac, from year to year, is calculated for ap¬ 
parent noon at Greenwich, England. 

To determine it for any other hour at a place in the 
United States, reference must be had, not only to the dif¬ 
ference of time arising from the difference of longitude, 
but also to the change of declination during that time. 

The longitude of the place, and therefore its difference 
in time, if not given directly in the ephemeris, can be 
ascertained very nearly by reference to that of other places 
given which are situated on, or very nearly on, the same 
meridian. 

It is the practice of surveyors in states east of the 
Mississippi to allow a difference of six hours for the differ¬ 
ence in longitude, calling the declination given in the 
ephemeris for 12 m. that of 6 a. m. at the place of obser¬ 
vation. 

Beyond the meridian of Santa Fe, the allowance would 
be about seven hours; and in California, Oregon and 
Washington about eight hours. 

Having thus the difference of time, we very readily 
obtain the declination for a certain hour in the morning, 
which would be earlier or later as the longitude was 
greater or less, and the same as that of apparent noon at 
Greenwich on the given day. Thus, suppose the observa¬ 
tion to be made at a place five hours later than Greenwich, 
then the declination given in the ephemeris for the given 
day at noon, affected by the refraction, would be the 
declination at the place of observation for 7 a. m.; this 
gives us the starting point. 

To obtain the declination for the other hours of the 
(lay, take from the ephemeris the declination for apparent 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


31 

noon for the given day, and, as the declination is increas¬ 
ing or decreasing, add to, or subtract from, the declina¬ 
tion of the first hour the difference for one hour as given 
in the ephemeris, which will give, when affected by the 
refraction, the declination for the succeeding hour; and 
proceed thus in making a table of declination for every 
hour of the day. 

The table of refractions is calculated for latitudes be¬ 
tween 15° and 60° at intervals of 2 1 / 2 °, that being as near 
as is required. 

The declination ranges from 0° to 20° both north and 
south, the -f- declinations being north and the — south, and 
is given for every 5°, that being sufficiently near for all 
practical purposes. The hour angle in the first column 
indicates the distance of the sun from the meridian in 
hours, the refraction given for 0 hours being that which 
affects the observed declination of the sun when on the me¬ 
ridian, commonly known as the meridional refraction; the 

refraction for the hour just before or after noon is so 

. 

nearly that of the meridian that it may be called and al¬ 
lowed as the same. 

' 

When the table is used it must be borne in mind that 
when the declination is north, or -f in the table, the re¬ 
fraction is to be added; when the declination is south, 
or -—, the refraction must be subtracted. It will be noted 
that the refraction in south declination increases very 
rapidly as the sun nears the horizon, showing that obser¬ 
vations should not be taken with sun when south of the 
equator, less than one hour from the horizon. 

To Compute the Declination. 

Suppose it was required to obtain the declination for 
the different hours of April 16, 1895, at Troy 5 New York. 

The longitude in time is four hours, fifty-four minutes 
and forty seconds, or practically five hours; sp that the 



32 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


declination given in the ephemeris for apparent noon of 
that day at Greenwich would be that of 7 a. m. at Troy. 

Declination at Greenwich at noon of April 16, 1895. 

N. 10° 7' 56".5 


Troy. 

N. 10° 7' 56".5 + Refr. 5 hrs. 1\58" = 10° 9' 54" = Dec. 7 a.m. 
add hr.dif.53".2 

10° 8' 49".7-f Refr. 4 hrs. 1' 11" = 10° 10' 00" = Dec. 8 a.m. 


53".2 


10° 

9' 

42" 

.9 

+ Refr. 

3 

hrs, 



53" 

.2 




M 

O 

o 

10' 

36" 

.1 

+ Refr. 

2 

hrs. 



53" 

.2 




10° 

11' 

29" 

.3 

+ Refr. 

1 

hr. 



53" 

.2 




10° 

12' 

22" 

.5 

+ Refr. 

0 

hrs. 



53" 

.2 




f-A 

O 

0 

13' 

15" 

.7 

+ Refr. 

1 

hr . 



53" 

.2 





10° 14' 08".9 + Refr. 2 hrs. 
53".2 


52" = 10° 10' 34" = Dec. 9 a.m. 

39" = 10° 11' 15" =Dec. 10 a.m. 

36" = 10° 12' 05" =Dec. 11 a.m. 

36" = 10° 12' 58" =Dec. 12 m. 
36" = 10° 13' ol" = Dec. 1 p.m. 
39" = 10° 14' 47" = Dec. 2 p.m. 


10° 15' 02".1-1-Refr. 3 hrs. 52" = 10° 15' 54" = Dec. 3 p.m. 
53".2 


10° 15' 55".3 + Refr. 4 hrs. 1' 11" = 10° 17' 06" = Dec. 4 p.m. 
53".2 


10° 16' 48".5 +Refr. 5 hrs. 1' 58" = 10° 18' 46" = Dec. 5 p.m. 


Again, suppose it was desired to obtain the corrected 
declination for the different hours of October 16, 1895, at 
Troy, New York. 

The difference in time being nearly five hours, and the 





















MINERAL LAND SURVEYING 


33 


declination at Greenwich, noon, 8° 53' 53".6, that declination 
affected by the refraction would give the true declination 
for 7 a. m. at Troy; the latitude being nearly 42° 30'. The 
declination being now south, the refraction is to be sub¬ 
tracted, but the hourly difference is to be added because 
the declination is increasing, as in the first example; 
thus: 


Troy. 


S. 8° 53' 53".6—Refr. 5 hrs. 9' 24" = 
add hr.dif.55".3 


8° 54' 48".9—Refr. 4 hrs. 2' 49" = 
55".3 


8° 55' 44".2—Refr. 3 hrs. 1' 49" = 

r r H o 


8° 56' 39".5—Refr. 2 hrs. 1' 26" = 
55".3 


8° 57' 34".8—Refr. 1 hr. 1' 14" 
55".3 


8° 58' 30".l—Refr. 0 hrs. 1' 14" = 
55".3 


8° 59' 25".4—Refr. 1 hr. 1' 14" = 
55".3 


9° 00' 20".7—Refr. 2 hrs. 1' 26" = 
55".3 


9° 01' 16".0—Refr. 3 hrs. 1' 49" = 
55".3 


9° 02' 11".3—Refr. 4 hrs. 2' 49" = 
5 5". 3 


9° 63' 06".6—Refr. 5 hrs. 9' 24" = 


8° 44' 30" = Dec. 7 a.m. 

8° 52' 00" = Dec. 8 a.m. 

8° 53' 55" = Dec. 9 a.m. 

8° 55' 13" r=Dec. 10 a.m. 

8° 56' 21" = Dec. 11 a.m. 

8° 57'16"—Dec. 12 m. 

8° 58' 11" = Dec. 1 p.m. 
8° 58' 55" = Dec. 2 p.m. 
8° 58' 27" = Dec. 3 p.m. 
8° 59' 22" = Dec. 4 p.m. 
8° 53' 43" = Dec. 5 p.m. 


These calculations should of course be made before the 
surveyor begins work in the field. 
























34 


A 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 




Table of Mean Refractions in Declination to Be Used 
With the Shattuck and Burt Solar Attachments. 

Apply to the Declination as Found in the Ephemeris. 


a 

o 

r* -- 

fd DECLINATIONS. 

> 

2 - 

Q For Latitude 15 . 


H 

+ 20° 

+ 15° 

1 +10° 

i+5° 

0° 

-5° 

I —10° 

| —15° 

|-20° 

0 h. 

—05" 

0" 

+ 05" 

10" 

15" 

21" 

27" 

33" 

40" 

2 h. 

—03" 

+ 02" 

07" 

12" 

18" 

23" 

29" 

36" 

43" 

3 h. 

+ 01" 

05" 

11" 

16" 

22" 

28" 

34" 

41" 

49" 

4 h. 

08" 

12" 

19" 

24" 

30" 

37" 

44" 

53" 

1'04" 

5 h. 

29" 

34" 

41" 

49" 

59" 

1T0" 

1'24" 

| 1'43" 

2'08" 




For Latitude 17° 

30'. 




0 h. 

—02" 

+02" 

08" 

13" 

18" 

24" 

30" 

36" 

44" 

1 h. 

0" 

05" 

10" 

15" 

21" 

27" 

33" 

40" 

48" 

2 h. 

+ 02" 

10" 

15" 

21" 

27" 

33" 

40" 

48" 

57" 

4 h. 

13" 

18" 

23" 

29" 

35" 

43" 

51" 

l'Ol" 

1T3" 

i h. 

34" 

41" 

49" 

58" 

1T0" 

1'23" 

1'41" 

2'06" 

2'42" 


For Latitude 20°. 


0 h. 

0" 

05" 

10" 

15" 

21" 

27" 

33" 

40" 

48" 

2 h. 

03" 

07" 

13" 

18" 

24" 

30" 

36" 

44" 

52" 

3 h. 

06" 

13" 

18" 

24" 

30" 

36" 

44" 

52" 

1'02" 

4 h. 

17" 

22" 

28" 

35" 

42" 

50" 

l'OO" 

I'll" 

1'26" 

5 h. 

39" 

47" 

57" 

1'07" 

| 1'20" 

1'37" 

2'00" 

2'32" 

3'25" 


For Latitude 22° 30'. 


0 

h. 

02" 

08" 

13" 

18"l 

24" 

30" 

36" 

44" 

52" 

2 

h. 

06" 

11" 

15" 

21" 

27" 

33" 

40" 

48" 

57" 

3 

h. 

11" 

15" 

21" 

27"| 

33" 

40" 

48" 

57" 

1'08" 

4 

h. 

20" 

26" 

32" 

39") 

46" 

56" 

1'07" 

1T9" 

1'37" 

5 

h. 

45" 

53" 

1'03" 

1'16"| 

1'31" 

1'52" 

2'21" 

3'07" 

4'28" 


For Latitude 25°. 


0 

h. 

05" 

10" 

15" 

21"| 

27" 

33" 

40" 

48" 

57" 

2 

h. 

08" 

14" 

19" 

25" 

31" 

38" 

46" 

54" 

1'05" 

3 

h. 

12" 

18" 

24" 

30" 

37" 

44" 

53" 

1'04" 

1+8" 

4 

h. 

23" 

29" 

35" 

45") 

53" 

1'03" 

1+6" 

1'31" 

1'52" 

5 

h. 

49" 

59" 

1T0" 

1'24"1 

1'52" 

2'07" 

2'44" 

3'46" 

5'43" 


For Latitude 27° 30'. 


0 h. 

08" 

13" 

18" 

24" 

30" 

36" 

44" 

52" 

1'02" 

2 h. 

11" 

16" 

22" 

28" 

34" 

41" 

49" 

l'OO" 

l 1+0" 

3 h. 

17" 

22" 

28" 

35" 

42" 

50" 

l'OO" 

1+1" 

1'26" 

4 h. 

28" 

35" 

42" 

50" 

l'OO" 

1+1" 

1'26" 

1'43" 

2'09" 

5 h. 

54" 

1'05" 

1+8" 

1'34" 

1'54" 

2'24" 

3+1" 

4'38" 

8+5" 




































































MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


35 


w 

o 


ft) ' DECLINATIONS. 

> —-—- 

% For Latitude 30°. 


H 

+ 20° 

+ 15° 

+10° 

'+5° 

0 

O 

—5° 

| —10° 

| —15° 

1 

to 

o 

o 

0 h. 

10" 

15" 

21" 

27" 

33" 

40" 

48" 

57" 

1'08" 

2 h. 

14" 

19" 

25" 

31" 

38" 

46" 

54" 

1'05" 

1'18" 

3 h. 

20" 

26" 

32" 

39" 

47" 

55" 

1'06" 

| 1'19" 

! 1'36" 

4 h. 

32" 

39" 

46" 

52" 

1'06" 

1'19" 

1/35" 

1'57" 

2'29" 

5 h. 

l'OO" 

l'lO" 

1'24" 

1'52" 

2'07" 

2'44" 

3'46" 

1 5'43" 

13'06" 




For Latitude 32° 

o 

CO 




0 h. 

13" 

18" 

24" 

30" 

36" 

44" 

52" 

1'02" 

1'14" 

2 h. 

17" 

22" 

28" 

35" 

42" 

50" 

l'OO" 

I'll" 

1'26" 

3 h. 

23" 

29" 

35" 

43" 

51" 

l'Ol" 

1'13" 

1'28" 

1'47" 

4 h. 

35" 

43" 

51" 

l'Ol" 

1'13" 

1'27" 

1'46" 

2'13" 

2'54" 

5 h. 

1'03" 

1/15" 

1'31" 

1'53"| 

2'20" 

3'05" 

4'25" 

7'36" 



For Latitude 35°. 


0 h. 

15" 

21" 

27" 

33" 

40" 

48" 

57" 

1'08" J 1'21" 

2 h. 

20" 

25" 

32" 

38" 

46" 

55" 

1/05" 

1'18"| 1 '35" 

3 h. 

26" 

33" 

39" 

47" 

56" 

1'07" 

1'21" 

1'38"( 2'00" 

4 h. 

39" 

47" 

56" 

1'07" 

1'20" 

1'36" 

1'59" 

2'32"| 3'25" 

5 h. 

1'07" 

1'20" 

1'38" 

2'00"| 

2'34" 

3'29" 

5'14" 

10'16"| 


For Latitude 37° 30'. 


0 h. 

18" 

24" 

30"! 36" 

44" 

52" 

1 '02" 

1'14 " 

1'29 

2 h. 

22" 

28" 

35") 42" 

50" 

l'OO" 

1'12" 

1 '26" 

1 '45 

3 h. 

29" 

36" 

43" | 52" 

1 '02" 

1'14" 

1'29" 

1'49" 

2'16 

4 h. 

43" 

51" 

1'01"| 1'13"[ 

1 '27" 

1'49" 

2'14" 

2'54" 

4'05 

5 h. 

I'll" 

1 '26" 

1'54"| 2T0"I 

2'43" 

3'55" 

6'15" 

14'58" 



For Latitude 40°. 


0 h. 

21" 

27" 

33" 

40" 

48" 

57" 

1'08" 

1'21" 

1'39" 

2 h. 

25" 

32" 

39" 

46" 

52" 

l'OO" 

1'19" 

1'35" 

1'57" 

3 h. 

33" 

40" 

48" 

57" 

1'08" 

1'21" 

1'38" 

2'02" 

2'36" 

4 h. 

47" 

55" 

1'06" 

1'19" 

1/36" 

1'58" 

2'30" 

3'21" 

4'59" 

5 h. 

1'15" 

1'31" 

1'51" 

2'20" 

3'05" 

4'25" 

7'34" 

25'18"l 



For Latitude 42° 30'. 


0 

h. 

24" 

30" | 

36" 

44" 

52" 

1'02" 

l'l 4" 

1'29" 

1'49" 

2 

h. 

28" 

35" | 

39" 

50" 

l'OO" 

1'12" 

1'26" 

1'45" 

2'11" 

3 

h. 

36" 

43" 

52" 

1'02" 

l'l 3" 

1'29" 

1'49" 

2'17" 

2'59" 

4 

h. 

50" 

1'00"| 

I'll" 

1'26" 

1 '44" 

2'10" 

2'49" 

3'55" 

6'16" 

5 

h. 

l'l 6" 

1'36"| 

1'58" 

2'30" 

3'22" 

5'00" 

9'24" 




For Latitude 45°. 


0 h. 

27" 

33" 

40" 

48" 

57" 

1'08" 

1'21"| 

1'39" 

2'02" 

2 h 

32" 

39" 

46" 

52" 

1'06" 

1'19" 

1'35" 

1'57" 

2'29" 

3 h. 

40" 

47" 

56" 

1'07" 

1 '21" 

1 '38" 

2'00" 

2'34" 

3'29" 

4 h. 

54" 

1'04" 

1'16" 

1'33" 

1'54" 

2'24" 

3'11" 

4'38" 

8'15" 

5 h. 

1'23" 

1'41" 

2'05" 

2'41"| 

3'40" 

5'40" 

12'02" 










































































MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


36 

Mf 

x 

o 

G 

w 


DECLINATIONS. 


> --- —- 

^ For Latitude 47° 30'. 

O 

fH --- 

• H | +20° | +15° | +10° | +5° | 0° | —5° | —10° |—15° | —20° 






0 h. 

30" 

36" | 

44" 

52" 

1 '02" 

1'14" 

1'29" 

1'49 

2 18 

2 h. 

35" 

42"! 

50" 

l'OO" 

1'12" 

1'26" 

1'45" 

2'01" 

2'51" 

3 h. 

43" 

51"! 

l'Ol" 

1'13"| 

1'28" 

1'47" 

2'15" 

2'56" 

4'08" 

4 h. 

56" 

1'09" 

1'23" 

1'40" 

2'05" 

2'40" 

3'39" 

5'37" 

11'18" 

5 h. 

1'27" 

1'46"| 

2'12" 

2'52" 

4'01" 

6'30" 

16'19" 



For Latitude 50°. 

0 h. 

33" 

40" 

48" 

57*' 

1'08" 

1'21" 

1'39" 

2'02" 

2'36" 

2 h. 

38" 

46" 

55" 

1'06" 

1'18" 

1'35" 

1'57" 

2'28" 

3'19" 

3 h. 

47" 

56" 

1'06" 

1'19" 

1'36" 

2'29" 

2'31" 

3'23" 

5'02" 

4 h. 

1'02" 

1'14" 

1'29" 

1'48" 

2'16" 

2'58" 

4'18" 

6'59" 

19'47" 

5 h. 

1'30" 

1 '51" 

2'19" 

3'04" 

4'22" 

7'28" 

24'10" 






For Latitude 52° 

o 

CO 




0 h. 

36" 

44" 

52" 

1'02" 

1'14" 

1'29" 

1'49" 

2'18" 

3'05" 

2 h. 

43" 

50" 

59" 

I'll" 

1/26" 

1'42" 

2'23" 

2'49" 

3'55" 

3 h. 

50" 

l'OO" 

I'll" 

1'26" 

1'45" 

2'11" 

2'51" 

2'58" 

6'22" 

4 h. 

1/05" 

1'18" 

1'35" 

2'10" 

2'28" 

3'19" 

4'53" 

8'42" 


5 h. 

1'34" 

1'56" 

2'27" 

3'16" 

4'47" 

8'52" 





For Latitude 55°. 


0 h. 

2 h. 

3 h. 

4 h. 

5 h. 

40" 

46" 

55" 

l'lO" 

1'37" 

48" 

55" 

1'06" 

1'23" 

2'01" 

57" 

1'05" 

1'19" 

1'42" 

2'34" 

1'08" 

1'18" 

1'35" 

2'06" 

3'28" 

1'21" 

1'34" 

1'58" 

2'43" 

5'15" 

1'39" 

1'56" 

2'30" 

3'44" 

10'18" 

2'02" 

2'30" 

3'21" 

5'49" 

2'36" 

3'15" 

4'58" 

12'41" 

3'33" 

4'47" 

9'19" 




For Latitude 57° 

30'. 




0 h. 

44" 

52" 

1'02" 

1'14" 

1'29" 

1'49" 

2'1S" 

3'05" 

4'37" 

2 h. 

50" 

59" 

I'll" 

1'25" 

1'43" 

2'09" 

2'47" 

3'51" 

6'04" 

3 h. 

58" 

l'lO" 

1'24" 

1/42" 

2'07" 

2'43" 

3'45" 

5'50" 

12'47" 

4 h. 

I'll" 

1'25" 

1'43" 

2'10" 

2'50" 

3'55" 

6'14" 

14'49"| 


5 h. 

1'41" 

2'06" 

2'42" 

3'42" 

5'46" 

12'26" 


_ 


For Latitude 60°. 

0 h. 

48" 

57" 

1'08" 

1'21" 

1'39" 

2'02" 

2'36" 

3'33" 

5'23" 

2 h. 

54" 

1'04" 

1'17" 

1'33" 

1'54" 

2'24" 

3'12" 

4'38" 

8'15" 

3 h. 

1'03" 

1'15" 

1'30" 

1'51" 

2'20" 

3'04" 

4'24" 

7'31" 

24'44" 

4 h. 

1'18" 

1'34" 

1'56" 

2'28" 

3'18" 

4'50" 

8'53" 



5 h. 

1'45" 

2'11" 

2'50" 

3'57" 

6'21" 

15'32" 


1 







































































MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


37 


To Find the Latitude With the Burt Solar Attachment. 

First, level the instrument very carefully, using, as 
before, the level of the telescope until the bubble will 
remain in the middle during a complete revolution of the 
instrument, the tangent movement of the telescope being 
used in connection with the leveling-screws of the parallel 
plates, and the axis of the telescope being firmly clamped. 

Next, clamp the vertical arc, so that its zero and the 
zero of its vernier coincide as near as may be, and then 
bring them into exact line by the tangent screw of the 
vernier. 

Then, having the declination of the sun for 12 o’clock 
of the given day as affected by the meridional refraction 
carefully set off upon the declination arc, note also the 
equation of time; and fifteen or twenty minutes before 
noon, the telescope being directed to the north and the 
object-glass end lowered until, by moving the instrument 
upon its spindle and the declination arc from side to side, 
the sun’s image is brought nearly into position between 
the equatorial lines. Now bring the declination arc di¬ 
rectly in line with the telescope, clamp the axis, and with 
the tangent screw of the telescope axis bring the image 
precisely betwmen the lines and keep it there with the 
tangent screw r , raising it as long as it runs below the lower 
equatorial line, or, in other words, as long as the sun con¬ 
tinues to rise in the heavens. 

When the sun reaches the meridian the image will 
remain stationary in altitude for an instant, and will then 
begin to rise on the plate. 

The moment the image ceases to run below is, of course, 
apparent noon, when the index of the hour arc should 
indicate XII., and the latitude be determined by the reading 
of the vertical arc. 

The angle through which the polar axis has moved in 
the operation just described is measured from the zenith 



38 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


instead of from the horizon so that the angle read on the 
vertical limb is the complement of the latitude or co¬ 
latitude. 

To Adjust the Burt Solar Attachment. 

The declination arm is first detached by removing the 
clamp and tangent screws and the center with its small 
screws, by which the arm is attached to the arc. 

The adjuster, which is a short bar furnished with every 
instrument, is then substituted for the declination arm, the 
center screwed into its place at one end, and the clamp- 
screw into the other, being inserted through the hole left 
by the removal of the tangent screw, thus securing the 
adjuster firmly to the arc. 

The declination arm is then placed on the adjuster, one 
end is turned to the sun, and brought into such a position 
that the image of the sun is brought precisely between the 
equatorial lines on the opposite plate. 

Carefully turn the arm over, until it rests upon the ad¬ 
juster by the opposite faces of the rectangular blocks, and 
again observe the sun’s image. If it remains between the 
lines as before, the arm is in adjustment. If not, loosen 
the three small screws which hold it to the arm, and move 
the silver plate under their heads until one-half the error 
in the position of the sun’s image is removed. 

Bring the image again between the lines, and repeat 
the operation as above on both ends of the arm, until the 
image will remain between the lines of the plate in both 
positions of the arm, when it will be in proper adjustment, 
and the arm may be replaced in its former position on the 
attachment. This adjustment is very rarely needed in these 
instruments, the lenses being cemented in their cells and 
the plates securely fastened. 

To adjust the Vernier of the Declination Arc: Set the 
vernier at zero, and then raise or lower the telescope until 
the sun’s image appears exactly between the equatorial 
lines. 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING 


39 


Having the telescope axis clamped, carefully revolve 
the arm until the image appears on the other plate. If 
precisely between the lines, the adjustment is complete; 
if not, move the declination arm by its tangent screw un¬ 
til the image will come precisely between the lines on the 
two opposite plates; clamp the arm and remove the index 
error by loosening two screws that fasten the vernier; 
place the zeros of the vernier and limb in exact coinci¬ 
dence, tighten the screws, and the adjustment is complete. 

To Adjust the Polar Axis: First, level the instrument 
carefully by the long- level of the telescope, using in the 
operation the tangent movement of the telescope axis in 
connection with the leveling-screws of the parallel plates, 
until the bubble will appear in the middle during a com¬ 
plete revolution of the instrument upon its axis. 

Place the solar apparatus upon the axis and see that 
it moves easily around it; bring the declination arm in the 
same vertical plane with the telescope; place the adjusting 
level upon the top of the rectangular blocks, and bring the 
bubble into the middle by the tangent screw of the decli¬ 
nation arc. e 

Then turn the arc half way around, bringing it again 
parallel with telescope, and note the position of the level. 
If in the middle, the polar axis is vertical in that direction; 
if not in the middle, correct one-half of the error by the 
capstan-head adjusting screws under the base of the polar 
axis, moving each screw of the pair the same amount, 
but in an opposite direction. Bring the level to the mid¬ 
dle again by the tangent screw of the declination arc, and 
repeat the operation as before, until the bubble will remain 
in the middle when the adjusting-level is reversed. 

Pursue the same course in adjusting the arc in the sec¬ 
ond position, or over the telescope axis, and when com¬ 
pleted the level will remain in the middle during an entire 
revolution of the arc, showing that the polar axis is at right 
angles with the level under the telescope, or truly vertical. 



40 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


Care should be taken that the level under the telescope 
is kept in the middle, and the capstan-screws brought to 
a firm bearing - . 

The adjusting-level in the operation just described is 
supposed to be itself in adjustment; but if not, it can be 
easily corrected by the screw shown at one end, when re¬ 
versed upon a plane surface, exactly as a mason’s level is 
adjusted. 

As this is by far the most delicate and important ad¬ 
justment of the solar attachment, it should be made with 
the greatest care, the bubble kept perfectly in the middle 
and frequently inspected in the course of the adjustment. 

To Adjust the Hour-Arc: Whenever the instrument is 
set in the meridian, as will be hereafter described, the 
index of the hour-arc should read apparent time. If not, 
loosen the two flat head screws on the top of the hour- 
circle, and with the hand turn the circle around until it 
does, fasten the screws again, and the adjustment will be 
complete. 

To obtain mean time, the correction of the equation for 
the given day, as found in the Nautical Almanac, should 
always be applied. 

Berger and Saegmuller Solars. t 

The principle of these two solar attachments is the 
same. (Fig. 15 A and B.) The declination of the sun for 
the place and hour required is figured as previously shown. 
This declination is regarded as plus or minus as it is north 
or south and added algebraically to the refraction which 
is always plus. The refraction is found from the table 
previously given for the Burt and Shattuck solars or for 
each day and hour in the ephemeris issued for the Saeg¬ 
muller solar. The declination corrected for refraction be¬ 
ing determined, the instrument provided with the solar 
(see Fig. 15 A and B) is carefully levelled and the line of 
collimation of the solar and main telescope made parallel 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. II 

, • 

by sighting at some distant object. The declination‘is now 
set off on the vertical arc or circle of the transit by de¬ 
pressing the telescope when the declination is north, and 
raising the telescope when the declination is south. The 
solar telescope is then levelled by means of its attached 
bubble with the main telescope still clamped. The co¬ 
latitude is then set off on the vertical circle of the transit, 
and the solar telescope directed towards the sun, which is 
bisected exactly as in the case of the direct observation. 



Fig. 15 A. Fig. 15 B. 


This is done by turning the solar on its vertical axis and 
by means of the lower motion of the transit. If the hori¬ 
zontal plates have been previously clamped at 0°, with the 
lower motion unclamped, as soon as the sun is bisected by 
the solar telescope, the main telescope is necessarily 
pointing due south. If now the lower motion is clamped 
and the upper motion free, the direction of the main tele¬ 
scope as read on the horizontal plates will give the correct 
bearing. 

By an ingenious attachment called an equatorial adap¬ 
tor, the auxiliary telescope made by C. L. Berger and used 
in sighting down steep shafts may be used exactly as the 
Saegmuller solar. 








CHAPTER III. 


T raversing. 

The bearing of the initial line of the survey being 
known, there are two ways of carrying it forward in the 
course of the work. When it is necessary that the correct 
bearing should be known at all times during the field work, 
as for example in retracing old lines, it is best to retain 
the bearing always on the upper plate of the transit, back- 
sighting with the upper plate, giving the last forward 
course and then turning the upper plate in any new direc¬ 
tion required. This method may be used at all times and 
simplifies the note taking somewhat, and adds to subse¬ 
quent clearness. The disadvantages are that the upper 
plate may move somewhat in transportation between sta¬ 
tions, and the vernier must be carefully examined each 
time a back-sight is made. Then, too, it may be incon¬ 
venient and is usually unnecessary to figure out the direct 
solar observation in the field, in which case the entire 
survey may be completed with either an assumed bearing 
to commence with, or else by angles-, without the use of 
any bearing whatever. When angles alone are used the an¬ 
gle of the initial line surveyed with the line whose bearing 
is determined by direct solar observation is read and when 
these are identical, as is usually the case, the first line is 
simply measured to the second station. At the second sta¬ 
tion the upper plate is set at 0°, the first station bisected by 
the use of the lower plate and the angle to the next sta¬ 
tion read as from left to right or the hands of a watch, 
and noted. When side shots are made, it is well to make 
horizontal parallel lines above and below the notes taken, 
so that the line or lines of notes will not be confused with 
the notes of the main continuous traverse. By this method 



MINERAL, LAND SURVEYING. 


43 


of carrying forward a survey all errors of instrumental 
adjustment are eliminated except those entering in the 
height of standards. Another method of traversing com¬ 
monly used is to back-sight with the upper plate of the 
transit at 0°, then invert the telescope and turn to the 
right or left and read the angle turned. While this is 
probably the method usually employed, it involves a dou¬ 
bling of any errors in adjustment of the transit and a 
possible error in setting down each time the fact that the 
instrument was turned right or left. On the other hand, 
the results are more easily reduced to courses than in the 
method given before, which is always used by the writer. 

It is well to read the compass at each station as a pre¬ 
caution against large errors. 

Measuring. 

At the same time that the bearings are being carried 
forward with the instrument, measurements are being- 
taken. These measurements as a rule are to determine 
the distance traversed, but are also at times for the purp- 
pose of laying out a certain necessary distance. Practically 
all measurements now made in mineral land surveying are 
made with long steel tapes, 300 to 700 feet in length, grad¬ 
uated every five feet, with each end of the tape graduated 
to feet and tenths. The method of using long tapes is as 
follows: The chainman holds the zero of the tape at the 
station to which the measurement is to be made, and the 
transit man pulls the tape, preferably holding it taut by a 
pair of parallel pliers, provided with a clamp, just opposite 
the trunnion of the telescope. The distance is then meas¬ 
ured to the nearest five-foot mark with a pocket tape from 
the point marked by the clamped parallel pliers. When the 
nearest five-foot mark is beyond the transit man, it saves 
subtracting the tenths, to which measurements are usually 
taken, to place the five-foot mark on the pocket tape over 
the five-foot mark on the long tape, and then read as from 
the five-foot point ahead of the instrument. Another 


44 


MINERAL. LAND SURVEYING. 


method for reading the tape is for the transit man to hold 
the five-foot mark just beyond the distance measured to 
the transit, the chainman then holds the tape tightly wher¬ 
ever it happens to come at the forward point. He then 
reads on the finer graduations the distance from the zero 
point back to the station and this is subtracted from the 
distance read opposite the transit. This method is, however, 
rarely used, as it requires a reliable chainman, and involves 
possible mistakes in subtracting. It also requires 
finer graduations on the zero end of the tape. 

The writer finds a tape graduated every foot, with the 
end foot in tenths, a great time-saver. No pocket tape is 
required, as the tenths may be estimated or marked on a 
notebook cover. Some surveyors use a notched stick, or 
even a pencil marked in tenths. 

In traversing, the tape may be wound up after each 
measurement or may be dragged over the ground. The 
writer prefers the second method, as it saves time. There 
is, however, greater danger of breaking the tape. Should 
the tape break it may be temporarily mended by using 
Alexander’s Little Giant Tape Splices, or the surveyor may 
even carry a piece of solder with a few brass or copper 
sleeves which he solders on with a candle. The Eureka 
Tape Repairer is a sleeve already prepared with soft solder 
and flux, and makes perfect repairs with the heat of a 
match. As a rule, however, he proceeds wuth the longest 
portion of the broken tape. As the tape breaks most fre¬ 
quently near the zero end, and the chainman has then no 
handle, it is well to carry an extra pair of parallel pliers for 
such an emergency. 

There are many cases where stadia measurements in 
mineral land surveying could be used with advantage, but 
they are rarely employed. In the first place, they are 
strictly forbidden by the land office regulations in all gov¬ 
ernment work. In preliminary work, such as in laying out 
location surveys, there is great difficulty in persuading the 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


45 


claimant that he is getting- anything at all accurate, when 
the surveyor is compelled to admit that it can not be used 
in surveying for patent. 

The choosing of proper stations is a very important 
part of the chainma-n’s duty. A careful chainman can, by 
good judgment, save much valuable time in selecting sta¬ 
tions which in the first place offer good fore-sights, and in 
the second place are suitable for set-ups. In the moun¬ 
tains of the West there is frequently little or no choice in 
the placing of stations, and the best are often none too 
good. Stations are usually marked by stakes picked up 
near the spot. In case it is desired to preserve the traverse 
stakes, they had best be made of hard wood and carried 
in sufficient quantity by the party. Opinions differ as to 
the height of stations. Many, among others the writer, 
prefer a short stake, not showing as a rule over a foot 
above the surface of the ground. Others prefer a long 
stake. With the short stake a plumb line will as a rule 
have to be used for both the fore and back-sights, but 
the station is more stable, and is likely to remain in place. 
With the long stake the use of the plumb may be avoided, 
as the stake may be seen from the instrument, and this 
will often save time, but the stakes are very liable to de¬ 
rangement after the lapse of a few days. In many cases 
large nails may be used for stations, in which case they 
are simply driven in the ground. They are especially use¬ 
ful in winter when the ground is frozen. 

The exact station point on the stake is marked by a 
nail or tack and, when possible, the measurement is made 
directly to the point, and both cross wires of the telescope, 
their intersection, placed on the nail head. In case the 
nail can not be seen, the instrument is sighted to a plumb 
line, the height to which the zero of the tape is held being 
taken by the horizontal cross wire. In windy weather long 
plumb bobs filled with mercury give the best results. 

When the surveyor has a clear fore-sight for a longer 


4G 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


distance than the tape will reach, and the country is not 
too rough, he may set his foresight stakes ahead at a dis¬ 
tance apart approximately equal to the stretch of his 
tape. He may then set up at every other stake, omitting 
those in between, and make a measurement each way fore 
and back from each set-up. This will often save consid¬ 
erable time. 

The vertical angles for most work need to be read 
only to the nearest fifteen minutes; that is, they should be 
within iy 2 minutes of the correct, and may be read with¬ 
out the use of the verniers on most transits. As a rule in 
western mineral surveying the horizontal distances must 
be figured in the field. The best method of figuring is 
probably by the use of the pocket traverse table, and the 
Roe traverse table is the only suitable one known to the 
writer. « 

The method of using is as follows: 

Vertical angle. Distance. Horizontal dis. (Lat.) 

23° 261.5 = 260. 239.3 

1.5 1.3 


261.5 240.6 

Another method using natural cosines is as follows: 

cos 23°= .92050 

This means that in 100 feet slope measurement the hori¬ 
zontal component is 7.950 feet less. (Simply move the deci¬ 
mal point and subtract each integer from 9, etc.) For all 
practical purposes the distance to be subtracted from 261.5 
feet is 2.61 X 7.95 = 20.75; 261.5 — 20.75 = 240.75. While 
this method seems to be more accurate, the correct hori¬ 
zontal distance being 240.71, it is probably as a rule not so; 
in fact, as it is extremely difficult to pull the tape perfectly 
tight, there is a tendency to set down a measurement which 
is too large. 

Many times a certain definite distance must be laid out 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


47 


with the tape on a hill side, as for example the end of a 
lode claim and also in setting corners from the center 
line. We will take the example where we find that 
to complete the 1,500 feet of a lode claim we have 294.5 
feet yet to go. We find the angle of slope is 15° and this 
apparently continues for the distance required. Erom the 
traverse table we find that the nearest horizontal (lati¬ 
tude) to 294.5 given in the column for 15° is 289.8, which 
equals 300 feet on the slope. This leaves a horizontal dis¬ 
tance over of 4.7 which in turn equals 4.9 on the slope. 
The distance to be laid off is therefore 304.9 feet on the 
slope. 

Example: Ver. Angle. Horizontal. Slope. 

15° 289.8 — 300 

4.7= 4.9 

294.5 = 304.9 

In case of end lines 75, 150 and 300 feet, respectively, 
from the center line, natural secants may be used for lay¬ 
ing off distances. For the distance 300 the multiplication 
may be easily made, but for 75 and 150 feet the surveyor 
had best prepare a table for each fifteen minutes and paste 
in his notebook. A complete table of natural secants pre¬ 
pared as a traverse table would save much time to the min¬ 
eral surveyor.* 

To return to laying out distances, it will often be found, 
especially by one who is not good at estimating distances, 
that the trial angle of slope is too small or too great, as 
the case may be, and the horizontal wire of the instrument 
either hits the ground or comes too high above the station. 
In that case the only thing to do is to try a new angle until 
everything corresponds. 

The final distance to be measured is marked on the 

*An incomplete table of natural secants is to be found 
in Hodgman’s Surveyors’ Tables. 





48 


MINERAL, LAND SURVEYING. 


tape by the parallel pliers and the instrument sighted to 
the zero of the tape held at the proper height on a stake 
or by plumb bob. 

The surveyor will frequently meet obstacles which re¬ 
quire offsets, which subject is, as a rule, well handled in 
• the standard books on surveying. The usual offset is at 
right angles far enough to avoid the obstacle. A conven¬ 
ient offset is to turn off say 60° to the right, measure any 
suitable distance, then run the same distance with 60° 
turned to the left. In this w r ay the distance required is 



Fig. 16. 











MINERAL, LAND SURVEYING. 


49 


exactly equal to the distance measured on the offset, as 
we are dealing- with an equilateral triangle. (See Fig’. 16.) 

Sometimes a long traverse has to be made to get around 
an obstacle, and sometimes the measurement has to be 
made by triangulation either to the point which it is desired 
to reach or to some point near. Triangulation methods 
are of course simple, and are exhaustively treated in text¬ 
books. Traverses, that is, measured traverses to And 
a missing course, are not, as a rule, so well handled in 
the text-books, and it is sometimes necessary to do all the 
figuring in the field. In figuring a traverse, the first thing 
necessary to do is to get the traverse into a record of 



courses and distances. When the true bearing is carriea 
throughout the survey nothing has to be done but to put 
down the bearings and the horizontal measurements, and 
figure the latitudes and departures. When assumed bear¬ 
ings have been used, they must be corrected. In case tht 
inverting right or left method has been used from the initin, 
bearing, the succeeding courses may be easily figured. In 
case the instrument is read as though turned from left to 
right, that is, with the hands of a watch, the following- 
rule simplifies the calculation of bearings. 

Rule: Take angle right from back-sight. If less than 





50 


MINERAL. LAND SURVEYING. 


180°, add 180°; if greater than 180°, subtract 180° from it. 
Add results to former course from north, or azimuth. If 
required, subtract 360°. The result is the azimuth from 
north. 

Example: (Fig. 17.) S. 57° 9' W. 

180° 249° 39' 

- 180° 

Azimuth = 237° 9' - 

69° 39' 69° 39' 


Azimuth first course = 306° 48'= N. 53° 12' W. 

174° 31' 
180° 


354° 31' 354° 31' 


661° 19' 
360° 


Azimuth second course = 301° 19' = N. 58° 41' W. 

The courses and horizontal distances at hand, the lati¬ 
tudes and departures are figured, preferably with a 
traverse table. Among the many traverse tables, Gurden’s 
is the most rapid. In using the Gurden’s tables to facilitate 
picking out the figures, a triangle, preferably a transparent 
one, or even a card may be marked and so spaced that one 
mark being placed under the latitude figure, the other 
mark falls of itself under the figure for the departure. 

An example of a short traverse is given below', wuth the 
missing course calculated, and many similar cases will be 
given later. There are also given examples of latitudes 
and departures figured with the Gurden’s table. 

Neat and systematic w r ork may be done by the use of 
printed blanks, each of which is afterwards filed away, as 
w'ill be described later. 








MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 51 




Cos. Latitude. 

Sin. Departure. 


57° 9' 





300 


162.73 

252.03 


4.5 


2.44 

3.78 




165.17 

255.81 


53° 12' 





230 


137.77 

184.16 


5.6 


3.35 

4.48 

* 



141.12 

188.64 


58° 41' 





230 


119.54 

196.49 


2.1 

• 

1.09 

1.79 




120.63 

198.28 

Sta- 


Dis- 

N. S. 

E. W. 

tion. 

Course. 

tance. 

Lat. Lat. 

Dep. Dep. 

-- 

S. 57° 9' W. 

304.5 

. 165.17 

. 255.SI 

— 

N. 53° 12' W. 

235.6 

141.12 . 

. 188.64 


N. 58° 41' W. 

232.1 

120.63 . 

. 198.28 




261.75 

642.73 




165.17 





96.58 



log 

96.58 = 

1.984887 



log 642.73 = 

2.808028 





9.176859 = log cot 81° 27' 


log 642.73 

— 

2.808028 



log sin 81 

° 27' = 

9.995146 

♦ 


2.812882 = log- 649.95 
Missing course = S. 81° 27' E. 649.95 


Note.—It is well to remember to take the log of the 
larger number, whether latitude or departure, and divide 
it by the larger log, whether sine or cosine of the angle 
found. 





















CHAPTER IV. 


Lode Location. 

About the simplest survey that the western surveyor is 
called on to make is that of a lode location. It is, how¬ 
ever, somewhat complicated by the fact that as a rule he 
is assisted by the claimant himself in the work and thus 
.often lacks an efficient assistant, with the result that the 
character of the results suffers. 

Usually the survey is begun at the discovery point, 
which may be a shaft, cut, adit, or even a point in the 
tunnel or other underground workings. We will begin 
with the survey of a straight claim as in Fig. 18. (See 
also page of note book.) The first set-up is just thirty 


N.Q4'ST£. 5/0 56ft North Center 
n ty Cor / Side Stake .„ 


- JP 
of 1 , 
!Q< 0 ' 
<0 
2- 


3 

“Tso 


*752?- 
“* ¥49.7 


~(l\ 


S. S/°3Z'YY. /500ft HE.Cqr 


-/- 149SO 

— — — "" 3 > a/n a 


'5 __370_3 

~~4-95~9 


la_ 165 6 _ J, 
Discov 


5 /es.6 6 2/2 / 


• /00.7 s 


7/SCOt-er 

Shaft 


sw cor n er3Z E. /sooft 


Sou th Center 
Side Stake 


*SS.E.Cor : 


Fiq. 18. 


feet from the center of the discovery shaft. After the 
direction of the center line has been determined, and this 
may often be done in unimportant work with the mag¬ 
netic needle, a measurement is made as before explained 
under measurements, to station No. 2. It will save the 
transit man a set-up if a measurement is taken at the same 
time to No. 5. This will, however, in a rough country, give 
the chainman more work. From station No. 2 the line 
is extended through No. 3 to No. 4, at which point the 
claimant having desired to end his claim, a right angle is 
turned off, and the stakes set, we will say, seventy-five feet 
on each side of the center line. These stakes, the best ob- 






MINERAL LAND SURVEYING 


53 


0) 

•o 


r* 

r J) 

mm 

a 

s 


E O 

r* o 

V) —< 

2 . H 
S! .e J 

a So 

C £ j 


t; a 

u 
ctf 

£ 

0) 

£ 


o 

hS" 

4J 

in 


o 

W 

U 

O 

O 

<D 

3 

u 

b 


CO 

a 

o 

u 


II 

x: 

w 

c 

<D 

si 

0) 

f-H 



w 



w 


C 

-4-> 

6 

’5 

c 

0) 

C0 

£ 


W 

O 



'O 

c 

W 


w cr t" 


*3 

C 

* 

3 

-O 

E 

3 

O 

CJ 

o 

CO 

© 


v 

3 

o 

U o 

hi oo 

3 . 

5 V3 


C4 "M 
CO CO 


73 73 


> > 


o o 
co co 


00 00 
73 73 


£ H H « ® 

Ol N N 
CO CO M CO " 


00 

73 


00 95 00 

2zZ 

H B H 

uo © us 

H CO »-< 

o o o 
y—< »—« »-H 

00 00 00 

£ £ 


co 

t- 


w 


\i 

<v . 


cm 

t— 


o © 

© l- 

o oo 
m cm 


N 

rH 

CM 


© 

t- 

O 

|Sa 

© 

05 

CO 

05 

d 

CO 

L* 

r- 

© 

Tf 

05 

© 

OO 

OO 


CM 

r—i 

r— 

«—I 

CM 


— 

^ o 

t ♦j 

05 


o 

© 

r-* 


r—4 

00 



- Q 

o 2 

C5 

05 

d 

CO 

d 

co 

CM 

CM 

00 

«*> r. 

E 0 

05 

-r 

05 

oo 

CO 

oo 

H 

CM 



■*r 

CM 

«—* 

r-4 



CM 

CO 

00 


r £ 

o • 
C. "3 









CM 


o 

CM 

05 

© 

CO 

r—i 

i.O 


© 

|| 

*■ 


n 10 

CO 

d 

d 

»o 


00 

Tf 

CO 


< 

< 

w — 

05 

lO 

05 

00 

CO 

'X 

rH 

CM 

i 




■*• 

CM 

rH 

1—< 

r—( 


CM 

CO 

© 

%o 



• 6 

-4-3 r—. 


% 







Ol 




O 



o 



© 




S- bo 


CO 



CO 



CO 




« c 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

© 

a 


> -t! 

CM 

CO 

O 

o 

CO 

© 

00 

CO 

W 


ll 

© 


© 

CM 


© 

d 

»o 

CM 


co CO 
c-’ co 
r— 


o oo 
oo 


CO 

00 


00 

oo 


00 

TT 

i CM 

© 



CM 

II 

|| 

1 CM 

|| 

II 

II 

II 

1 ^ 

© 

tT 


»—< 


i ^ 

CM 


1 5M 


o 

I > 
i < 


. c 

CO o 


72 


C 

o 


CM CO »-H 
w 
05 

rj 


ci 

CO 

CO 


—< L.O CM 


».o CO CO 


r- 

CM | © 


© 

05 

d •! d 

05 

t- 

OO 

1 « 

lu 





S f 2 


e 

n 


» v. 



N 

1 *! 

i—• 


© 

VS ! 

! © 

© c* 

! t- 

© 

1 

© 

© 

1 ■■ s> 


1 

! 


1 —■ 


Dis. lfi^th March. 1905 




54 


MINERAL, LAND SURVEYING. 


tainable, are marked Cor. No. 1, N. W. Cor.; and Cor. No. 2, 
S W. Cor., Good Samaritan Lode, respectively.* From No. 3 
a tie is made to Cor. No. 1, Sur. No. 14950 Columbus Lode, as 
shown in the notes. As we have now measured 935.6 feet, 
we know that we have passed the point for setting center 
side stakes, so we return to No. 1 and measure back 185.6 
feet to No. la, whence the center side stakes are set at right 
angles to the center line. They are marked North and 
South Center Side Stakes, Good Samaritan Lode, respect¬ 
ively. Of course it frequently happens that the position 
of the center side stakes is known in advance, and in this 
case a measurement would have been made in the begin¬ 
ning to No. la. In this case No. la would have been 
called No. 2 and the next sight might have been made to 
No. 3, etc., but in the case of the Good Samaritan Lode 
the center side stakes could not be placed till the claimant 
had decided where the claim was to end in its westerly 
course. We now extend the line through No. 5 and No. 6 
and here, knowing that the survey can be completed with 
another sight, the previous measurements are reduced to 
horizontals, the total subtracted from 1,500 and the result 
laid out. Corners No. 3 and No. 4 are then set as for the 
westerly end. If a tie has not been made to a patent cor¬ 
ner, or some other proper monument, as above, the instru¬ 
ment is set up at some corner of the claim, preferably 
Cor. No. 1, and bearings to two or more mountain peaks or 
other permanent points taken and recorded. The surveyor 
then makes sure that he has the name of the lode, a de¬ 
scription of the discovery, whether shaft, cut, etc., the 
correct name of the locators, the name of the mining dis¬ 
trict and the date. At his office the surveyor figures the 


*While the law requires that the corners shall be marked 
by substantial stakes or other monuments, it does not 
require any inscription on them, and this may be omitted 
and the location yet be prefectly legal. 



MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 55 

tie to the patented claim as given below, writes out the 
certificate, usually signs it for the claimant, and sends it 
for record to the county recorder. There are several styles 
,)f blank forms for location certificates sold by different 
publishers, but they are all essentially the same. The 
location certificate of above is as follows: 

STATE OP COLORADO,! 

j-ss. 

County of Gilpin J 

Know All Men by These Presents: That Rudolf Gale, 
the undersigned, has this 29th day of May, 1905, located 
and claimed, and by these presents does locate and claim 
by right of discovery and location, in compliance with 
the Mining Acts of Congress, approved May 10, 1872, and 
all subsequent acts, and with local customs, laws and reg¬ 
ulations, 1,500 linear feet and horizontal measurement on 
the Good Samaritan lode, vein, ledge or deposit, along the 
vein thereof, with all its dips, angles and variations as 
allowed by law, together with 75 feet on each side of the 
middle of said vein at the surface, so far as can be deter¬ 
mined from present developments; and all veins, lodes, 
ledges, or deposits and surface ground within the lines of 
said claim 594.4 feet running N. 81° 32' E. from center of 
discovery shaft and 905.6 feet running S. 81° 32' W. from 
center of discovery shaft, said discovery shaft being situ¬ 
ate upon said lode, vein, ledge or deposit, and within the 
lines of said claim in Russell Mining District, County of 
Gilpin, and State of Colorado, described by metes and 
bounds as follows, to-wit: 

Beginning at Cor. No. 1, whence Cor. No. 1, Sur. No. 
14950, Columbus lode, bears N. 84° 57' E. 510.56 feet, thence 
S. 8° 28' E. 150 feet to Cor. No. 2, thence N. 81° 32' E. 750 
feet to south center side stake, thence N. 81° 32' E. 750 
feet to Cor. No. 3, thence N. 8° 28' W. 150 feet to Cor. No. 
4, thence S. 81° 32' W. 750 feet to north center side stake, 






56 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


thence S. 81° 32' W. 750 feet to Cor. No. 1, the place of 
beginning. 

Said lode was discovered on the 16th day of March, 

A. D. 1905. 

Date of location, May 29, A. D. 1905. 

Date of certificate. May 29, A. D. 1905. 

RUDOLF GALE. (Seal.) 

It is not necessary to mention the center side stakes 
in the description. Should several claimants desire to be 
recorded as possessing- unequal shares, the names may 
be arranged as follows, at the bottom: 

J P. Smith, y 2 interest. 

L. S. Weaver, % interest. 

L. J. Walter, % interest. 

For a company, the name may simply be placed at the 
bottom, with or without the addition of the name of an 
agent or attorney in fact. 

Other examples of location certificates will be given 
under field notes of patent survey. 

The above simple straight location may be varied in 
many ways. The end lines may not be at right angles to 
the center, but made to fit some other claim; in this case 
the end line is longer than the width of the claim, and is 
figured in the same way as the end line of an angular 
Claim given later. In order to avoid conflicts, the claim 
is frequently made narrower than the legal width, some¬ 
times on one side of the center, sometimes on both sides, 
and the side lines may even be broken lines. In this 
latter case they are figured as examples of mill sites or 
intersections of patents, etc., which will be given later. 
There is probably no legal objection to having the end 
line even longer than the side line, as is the case in Fig. 
19. In this example, were a mistake made and the vein 





MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


57 


placed as shown in the figure, the claimant would get over 
3,000 feet of vein in one location, provided the vein was 
perpendicular, so as not to require extralateral rights. At 



the time of issuance of patent of course this could not be 
known, as the vein is required, as far as known, to be not 
more than 75, 150 or 300 feet from either side line, according 
to the district. 

Angular Claims. 

In the case of angular claims the conditions given above 
are more or less complicated. The simplest angular claim 
is one whose one angle is at or near the discovery and 
therefore known in advance, or at least before either end 
line is laid out. This is easily surveyed, as follows: See 
Fig. 20, the angle a being determined as 40°. The angle b 
is equal to 140°. In placing the angle stakes the angle b 
is bisected, that is, 70° is turned from either the fore¬ 
sight or the back-sight on the southerly side, or 110° 
turned from either the fore-sight or back-sight on the 
northerly side. The bisecting line is therefore 20° in each 
case from a line at right angles to the lines 1—2 and 1—3. 
The direction of this line is seen at once to be in the 
figure above S. 30° E. (90° — 80° = 10° + 20° = S. 30° E. 
90° — 40-° = 50° — 20° = S. 30° E.) As one-half of this line 
is the hypothenuse of a right triangle whose base is 150 
feet (or, as the case may be, 75 or 300 feet), and whose 
angle A is 20°, its length is found from a traverse table, 
or table of natural secants, to be: 




58 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 



lat. 


distance 

or nat. secant. 

20° 

141.0 

— 

150. 

20° = 1.0641 


9.0 


9.6 

300 


150.0 

— 

159.6 

2)319.23 end line 


159.61 

which is the true distance from No. 1 to the a^gle corner 
S. 30° E. and also of course in the other direction N. 30° W. 
These lines in turn must be corrected for slope of hill. The 
end lines are then placed parallel to the line of the angle 
stakes, and the same length. The stakes are marked as 



Fig. 20. 





MINERAL. LAND SURVEYING. 


59 


given under straight lode locations, except the angle stakes 
are marked Cor. No. 2 and Cor. No. 5 North and South angle 
stakes respectively. As the end lines and angle stake 
line are all parallel, the opposite side lines are the same 
length, therefore no figuring or checking up is required in 
the office and the location certificate may be written out 
at once. This certificate is exactly the same as in the 
case of a straight claim, except that in the best work, when 
the discovery shaft is not exactly at the angle, additional 
description is required; for example, in Fig. 20 it would be 
described " " " " claims 400 feet running S. 40° W. from 
center of discovery shaft and 300 feet running No. 40° E., 
thence 800 feet running No. 80° E., etc. 


6 



In surveying an angular claim where the angle is not 
known when the first end line is reached, or when there 
are two or more angles in the claim, this first end line is 
usually put in at right angles to the center line. In the 


60 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


case of a claim having only one angle, the setting of the 
end line may often be postponed till the angle of the center 
line is determined. When the end line is set at right angles 
one or more sets of angle stakes are placed on lines bisect¬ 
ing the angles, as given above; but these lines are not par¬ 
allel to the end lines, nor are they necessarily parallel to 
each other. As the end lines of the claim must be parallel 
to each other, this requires that the end line for No. 4 be 
turned from a line at right angles to its center line over 
an angle equal to the algebraic sum of all the angles enter¬ 
ing into the broken centre line of the claim, or from the 
back sight on the centre line over the complement of this 


A 



algebraic sum. This is shown in the two figures above, 
Fig. 21 and Fig. 22, to be 20° and 50°, respectively, as the 
deviation from a straight centre line is always to the right 


MINERAL, LAND SURVEYING. 


61 


or first to the right and then to the left; right figure as 
plus and left as minus. 

The end line angle is thus the angle caused by the total 
change of direction of the centre line of the claims from its 
course No. 1-No. 2 to its course No. 3-No. 4. 

The length of the end line is figured as the hypothenuse 
of a right triangle whose base is 300 feet (or 150 or 600, as 
the case may be), and whose angle A is the angle turned 
from a line at right angles to the centre line at that point. 
This in turn is corrected for the slope of the hill. While 
it is no more difficult to stake out this kind of an angular 
claim in the field than in the case of the angular claim 
first cited, the office work is more involved. The side lines 
opposite to each other are not of equal length, as in the 
case of the angular claim first cited. The length in each 
case is found by adding and subtracting on opposite sides 
the perpendiculars or departures, of the various triangles 
used and figured in setting the stakes, to the lengths actu¬ 
ally measured on the centre line of the claim. For the 
angular claim given in Fig. 21 the most easterly angle is 
first figured, 150 feet multiplied by the tangent of 20° gives 
54.59, which is added for the northerly side lines and sub¬ 
tracted for the southerly lines, that is, added to exterior 
angles and subtracted from interior ones, to and from the 
distances measured on 1-2 and 2-3 on the centre line. For 
the next angle west 26.44, the tangent of 10° multiplied by 
150 feet ,is subtracted for the northerly side lines, and 
added for the southerly side lines, from and to 2-3 and 3-4 
on the centre line, remembering that 54.59 feet have al¬ 
ready been subtracted or added to 2-3. Finally 54.59, tan¬ 
gent 20° multiplied by 150 is subtracted for the northerly 
side line and added for the southerly side line to and from 
3-4, to which 26.44 feet have already been subtracted and 
added. In Fig. 22 the same method is pursued. On the 
northerly side line the tangents are added until the end line 
is reached, then subtracted from the centre line distances 


62 


MINERAL. LAND SURVEYING. 


while for the southerly side line the tangents are sub¬ 
tracted until the end line is reached and then added. To be 
sure that the work has been done correctly and that the 
boundary lines close, a traverse is made as in the following 
examples. While the traverse may be made in the usual way, 
the labor is greatly decreased by subtracting the length of 
the side lines and end lines from each other, using the di¬ 
rection in each case of the longer line. We thus find lati¬ 
tudes and departures for only half the courses and for 
smaller numbers. The closing of the traverse round the 
claim proves the correctness of the previous work. 


Example. 


Fig. 21... 


Fig. 22_| 


Fig. 23_ 


Course. 

S. 10° E. 
N. 60° E. 

S. 40° W. 
S. 80° W. 

Dist’ce. 

19.23 

162.06 

56.30 

109.18 

N. Lat. | 

S. Lat. I 
18.93 

E. Dep. | 
3.32 
140.32 

W. Dep. 

81.05 


43.11 

18.95 

36.18 

107.52 







81.05 

80.99 

143.64 

143.70 

Course. 

Dist’ce. 

N. Lat. 

S. Lat. | 

E. Dep. 

W. Dep. 

N. 10° W. 

166.71 

164.16 



28.94 

S. 30° W. 

331.26 

. 

286.86 


165.63 

N. 40° E. 

135.42 

103.72 


87.04 


N. 80° E. 

109.18 

18.95 


107.52 




286.83 

286.86 

194.56 

194.57 

Course. 

Dist’ce. 

N. Lat. 

S. Lat. 

E. Dep. 

W. Dep. 

N. 15° E. 

25.72 

24.85 


6.65 


S. 82° W. 

60.82 


8.46 


60.22 

S. 73° E. 

56.04 


16.38 

53.58 




24.85 

24.84 

60.23 

60.22 


It frequently happens that in case of angular claims 
the end lines must be made to fit prior claims. In this case 
the calculations for the amounts to be added to the length 
of the centre line must be made at each end of the claim 
as well as at the angles, and the amounts to be added 
and the lengths of the line will vary according to the angle 
at which the latter are set. (See Fig. 23.) Angular claims 
may also be narrowed down and located with irregular 
side lines, but the figuring of these variations is only a 


























































MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


63 


form of the figuring- done in such work as patent intersec¬ 
tions treated later on. 

In the case of all lode locations the setting of end lines 
is of great importance. The end lines should be placed as 
a rule as nearly as possible at right angles to the strike of 
the vein, while the location survey covers the apex. 

The dip of the lode and the extralateral rights desired 
should always be kept in mind by the surveyor. Thus in 
Fig. 23 the arrangement of end lines there placed so as to 



Fig. 23. 


avoid conflict with the prior location may not be the best 
or may be extremely bad when the question of extralateral 
rights is considered. It is therefore often best not to sur¬ 
vey to avoid a conflict, but to make the best possible ar¬ 
rangement of end lines to cover the ground desired. 

Relocation and Amended Certificates. 

“Distinction Between Relocation and Amended Certifi- 




64 


MINERAL. LAND SURVEYING. 


cate.—In strictness there is a relocation only when some 
change is made upon the ground, as by changing length, 
width or boundaries; perhaps also when overlapping aban¬ 
doned ground is taken. The certificate filed to show such 
change is a relocation certificate. But if error is in the 
papers only, as by a misleading or too vague description, 
there is no relocation, but only the filing of an amended 
location certificate. But the terms are not always used with 
exactness even by the legal profession, all such papers as 
well as acts being called relocations or relocation certificates, 
and a misuse of the term is not generally material.—Cheese- 
man vs. Shreeve, 40 Fed. 789.”—Morrison’s Mining Rights, 
p. 109, 10th ed. 

It frequently happens, especially just before surveying 
for patent, that the descriptions of claims are found to 
be defective in some respect, and in this case an amended 
description is filed, and no change is made upon the ground. 
More often, however, the stakes on the ground are changed 
somewhat, and the owner takes advantage of a resurvey to 
take in some abandoned ground, or to alter the lines of 
his claim slightly one way or the other from the original 
location. He may even make radical changes in direction 
of lines and extent of territory embraced. In this event 
there is no change in the method of survey from the pro¬ 
cedure in the case of the original location, but the certifi¬ 
cates are worded to suit the case. Of the two examples 
which follow of amended and relocation certificates, the 
first is rarely used, as the second covers almost every pos¬ 
sible case. In some cases it is well to state the cause for 
amending, as for example, to state that it is to correct the 
spelling of the name of the claim or location. This as¬ 
sumes importance when it is desirable to impress sus¬ 
picious neighbors with the fact that no change has been 
made in the boundaries of a claim, but an amendment made 
simply to perfect the description 



MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


65 


In the case of a second amendment we add to “This be¬ 
ing the same lode, * * *” “and again located on the 18th 

day of April, 1905, and recorded on the 31st day of April, 
1905, in book 160, page 352. in the office of the recorder of 
Clear Creek county.” 

Additional and Amended Location Certificate—Law of 1889. 

STATE OF COLORADO, | 

County of Clear Creek, j ss ’ 

Know All Men by These Presents, That The Treasure 
Vault Gold Mining Company has, this 18th day of April, 
1905, amended, located and claimed, and by these presents 
does amend, locate and claim, by right of the original dis¬ 
covery and this additional and amended location certificate, 
in compliance with the Mining Acts of Congress, approved 
May 10, 1872, and all subsequent acts, and with Section 
2409 of the General Statutes of Colorado, and with local 
customs, laws and regulations, 717.2 linear ieev. _.id hori¬ 
zontal measurement on the BOREAS lode, vein, ledge 
or deposit, along the vein thereof, with all its dips, angles 
and variations, as allowed by law, together with 75 feet 
on each side of the middle of said vein at the surface, so 
far as can be determined from present developments, 
and all veins, lodes, ledges or deposits and surface ground 
within the lines of said claim, 10 feet running northeast¬ 
erly from center of discovery shaft and 707.2 feet running 
southwesterly from center of discovery shaft, said discov- 
ery shaft being situate upon said lode, vein, ledge or de¬ 
posit, and within the lines of said claim, in Idaho Mining 
District, County of Clear Creek and State of Colorado; 
described by metes and bounds as follows, to-wit:' 

Beginning at Corner No. 1, thence S. 14° 15' E. 152.48 
ft. to Cor. No. 2; thence S. 65° 24' W. 377.33 ft. to Cor. No. 
3; thence S. 89° 2' W. 339.79 ft. to Cor. No. 4; thence N. 
14° 15' W. 154.12 ft. to Cor. No. 5; thence N. 89° 2' E. 343.81 
ft. to Cor. No. 6; thence N. 65 24' E. 373.47 ft. to Cor. No. 

1, the place of beginning. 





66 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


From Cor. No. 1, Cor. No. 3, Sur. No. 12276, Bessie lode 
bears N. 14° 15' W. 7.66 ft. 

This being- the same lode originally located on the 21st 
day of February, 1901, and recorded on the 2nd day of 
March, 1901, in book 147, page 319, in the office of the 
Recorder of Clear Creek County. This further additional 
and amended certificate of location is made without a 
waiver of any previously acquired rights, but for the pur¬ 
pose of correcting any errors in the original location, de¬ 
scription or record, and making more specific the bound¬ 
aries and description of said lode as originally located 
upon the ground. 

THE TREASURE VAULT GOLD MINING CO. 
[Seal.] By J. P. Little, Agent. 

Said lode was discovered the 15th day of February, 

A. D. 1901. 

Date of additional and amended certificate, April 18th, 

A. D. 1905. 

Additional and Amended Location Certificate—Law of 1889. 

STATE OF COLORADO, 1 
County of Clear Creek, ] ss ‘ 

Know All Men by These Presents, That The Treasure 
Vault Gold Mining Company has, this 18th day of April, 

1905, amended, located and claimed, and by these presents J 
does amend, locate and claim, by right of the original dis- \\ 
covery and this additional and amended location certificate, 
in compliance .with the Mining Acts of Congress, approved 
May 10, 1872, and all subsequent acts, and with Section 
2409 of the General Statutes of Colorado, and with local 
customs, laws and regulations, 1014.2 linear feet and hori¬ 
zontal measurement on the ARC LIGHT lode, vein, ledge 
or deposit, along the vein thereof, with all its dips, angles 
and variations, as allowed by law, together with 75 feet 
on each side of the middle of said vein at the surface, so 
far as can be determined from present developments, and 





MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


67 


all veins, lodes, ledges or deposits and surface ground 
within the lines of said claim, 21 feet running N. 61° 37' E. 
from face of discovery cut and 993.2 feet running S. 61° 
37' W. from face of discovery cut, said discovery cut being 
situate upon said lode, vein, ledge or deposit, and within 
the lines of said claim, in Idaho Mining District, County 
of Clear Creek and State of Colorado, described by metes 
and bounds as follows, to-wit: 

Beginning at Corner No. 1, thence S. 28° 23' E. 150 ft. to 
Cor. No. 2; thence S. 61° 37' W. 1014.2 ft. to Cor. No. 3; 
thence N. 28° 23' W. 150 ft. to Cor. No. 4; thence N. 61° 
37' E. 1014.2 ft. to Cor. No. 1, the place of beginning. 

From Cor. No. 1, Chief Mt. bears S. 5° W. and a promi¬ 
nent peak bears S. 30° W. 

This being the same lode originally located on the 21st 
day of February, 1901, and recorded on the 2nd day of 
March, 1901, in book 147, page 320, in the office of the 
Recorder of Clear Creek County. This further additional 
and amended certificate of location is made without a 
waiver of any previously acquired rights, but for the pur¬ 
pose of correcting any errors in the original location, de¬ 
scription or record, and of taking in and acquiring all for¬ 
feited or abandoned, overlapping ground, and of taking in 
any part of any overlapping claim which has been aban¬ 
doned, and of securing all the benefits of said Section 2409 
of the General Statutes of Colorado. 

THE TREASURE VAULT GOLD MINING CO. 
[Seal .]' By J. P. Little, Agent. 

V 

Said lode was discovered the 15th day of February, 
A. D. 1901. 

Date of additional and amended certificate, April 18th, 
A. D. 1905. 

Mill Sites and Placers. 

Mill sites and placers are for the most part on streams. 
Placers are required by the General Land Office to be 
taken up by legal subdivisions when on surveyed lands. 







68 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


When the land is not surveyed, as is often the case with 
mineral lands, placers should be surveyed as regularly as 
possible. 

At present the General Land Office requires all placer 
claims on unsurveyed lands to be laid off as if the land was 
properly surveyed. In other words, the surveyor is prac¬ 
tically required to survey the whole country, or as much 
of it as is necessary to establish the legal subdivisions of 
the placer required. When the nearest surveyed tract is 
far distant, the department would probably permit a placer 
to be surveyed with east, west, north and south boundaries. 

As a rule the surveyor will lay out a mill site in rec¬ 
tangular form for simplicity, and the following table, taken 
from Morrison, will often be useful: 

“Area in Feet or Acres.—By the following table the 
number of feet necessary to include any desired number 
of acres when in the shape of a square or parallelogram 
may be ascertained: 


Claim 

660 

X 

330 

feet 

contains 

5 

acres. 

it 

500 

X 

500 

if 

it 

5.73 

acres. 

tt 

660 

X 

660 

it 

it 

10 

acres. 

a 

1320 

X 

660 

it 

it 

20 

acres. 

tt 

800 

X 

1089 

it 

it 

20 

acres. 

a 

933 V 3 X 

9331/3 

it 

it 

20 

acres. 

tt 

1320 

X 

1320 

it 

it 

40 

acres. 

tt 

2640 

X 

2640 

it 

it 

160 

acres. 


43,560 square feet = 1 acre. A square 208.71 feet in 
length and width = 1 acre.”—Morrison’s Mining Rights, 
p. 185, 10th ed. 

It may happen that the survey must follow the mean¬ 
dering of a stream, and in this case the rules for angular 
claims may often apply. Even when the claim must be 
widened or narrowed the same rules hold, each portion be¬ 
ing figured separately as in Fig. 24, the whole forming five 
acres or less in the case of a mill site, and twenty acres 
or less for each claimant in a placer. The end lines, if 






MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 69 


they may be so called, need not, of course, be parallel as 
in the case of lode locations. In case all ground possible 
is desired between two claims, A and B, Fig. 25, the center 



Fig. 24. 


line 1-2 is measured and the width of claim then laid out, 
which will give 217,800 square feet (five acres) when multi¬ 
plied by the length of 1-2. The end lines are figured as in 
angular claims. In case 1-2 is not the center line, more 
figuring is of course required. 



Fig. 25. 


It sometimes happens that very irregular tracts must 
be laid out and there is no escape from more or less exten¬ 
sive figuring to get the correct boundaries for the number 

' 

of acres to be included. It will then be necessary to divide 
the area under consideration into rectangles or triangles, 
or both, or calculate the area by double meridian distances. 
The method of surveying will also vary according to cir¬ 
cumstances of the case. It may be possible to survey from 
a center line, as in Fig. 26, or in the case of large tracts 
it may be necessary to run the exterior boundaries. Ties 
should be made as for all lode claims. 


























CENTURY MILL SITE. 


70 


MINERAL. LAND SURVEYING 


d CO 
<D CO 


t- 

< 


co 


t- <M 

CO CO co c 

O CM 05 
CC H h ^ 

o 05 o co 

tO t> rH CO 
CM rH 


00 tH 

!> 

OO CO 

CM 

CM CO 

05 

t-h 

to 

CO o 

CO 

CM rH 

rH 

LO t-i 

* 


CM 


CO 

cd 

05 

l> 

CO 

O' 

CM 


W 

00 

CO 

rH 

d 

05 

CO 

CD 

CD 

00 


CO 

u 

£ 

05 

- rH 

c 

CM 

O 


oo 

CM 

rH 

+ 



H 


t— t-C 

CM CM 

rH 

LO 05 
LO O 
H CO 
CO CO 
1O LO 


i—l co to 

O0 TH CO 


I CO O CD 00 

1 to CO 00 Tf oo 


4 - 


co 

CM 


eo 

CM CO 
CM 



CO 

CO O 
05 CO 
L- lO 
CO CO 

o ^ 

CM 

b/j IQ 5P 

O ° O 

~ o "" 



W 00 ^ ^ o w 
rH o o co oo 
05 05 05 o r-c LO 
00 OO OO ^ 05 ^ 
to t- 05 ^ OO 05 


lO 

LO 

OO 

00 

LO 

to 



05 

05 


CO 

CO 

CO 

to 

to 

05 

CO 

OO 

H 4 

05 

rH 

to 

05 

05 

to 


CM 

rH 


05 


CO 

<d 

*— 

o 

d 

Tf 

4 


rH 

CO 

o 

L.O 

O 

05 

00 

rH 

o 

CO 

o 

Cvi 

c n 

4 

o 

to 

00 

to 

to 

co 

00 


oo 

CO 




rH 






CD 


CD 





CM 


00 

4 

CO 

to 


r}« 

CM 

CD 

CO 


n 


CM 



• 







00 


d/ 

o 





to 


rH 


c 

o 

oo 

o 

o 

4 

00 

CD 

CO 

cJ 

o 

■** 

rH 

00 

t> 

oo 


CD 


CO 

rH 

<M 




05 

«M 

C/3 









3 












w 




f 



H 


CO 


H 


M 


<D 

to 


rH 


M 


CO 


C/3 


& 




A 

o 

rd 

l~> 

P 

05 

-*-> 

S- 

<M 


CM 

+-> 

OO 

CO 

HM 

o 

t- 

o 

t- 

o 

t> 

o 


o 

V 

co 

£ 

CO 

CO 

co 

CO 

z 2 ; 


4.747 = 0.6764548 











MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


71 


In any case, except when rectangular tracts are sur¬ 
veyed, the final description must be carefully checked by 



traverse as in the case of the angular claims, to make sure 
of a closure, and the area figured by double meridian 
distances. 

Double Meridian Distances. 

The traverse is begun with the most easterly or west¬ 
erly station (Fig. 27). Double Meridian Distances — D. M. D., 
of preceding course plus the departure of that course, plus 



the departure of the course itself. The first and last 
D. M. D. is the same as the respective departures. The 
latitudes are arranged plus and minus North and South. 


/ 









72 


MINERAL, LAND SURVEYING. 


respectively, multiplied by their D. M. D. as above. The 
plus and minus areas resulting are then added and the 
lesser subtracted from the greater and the result divided 
by 2. The result is the area in square feet. 

Care must be taken in the case of a mill site that is 
cut into tracts by other claims to locate the mill site as 
one unit not including more than five acres, and during the 
patent surveying cut into tracts. 

Location Certificate—Mill Site. 

STATE OF COLORADO, 1 
County of Clear Creek, j 

To All Whom These Presents May Concern: 

Know ye that I, John T. McDonald, of Idaho Springs. 
Colorado, do hereby declare and publish as legal notice 
to all the world that I have a valid right to the occupation, 
possession and enjoyment of all and singular that tract or 
parcel of land not exceeding five acres, situate, lying and 
being in Montana Mining District, in the County of Clear 
Creek, in the State of Colorado, bounded and described as 
follows, to-wit: 

The CENTURY Mill Site, beginning at Corner No. 1, 

whence Cor. No. 6, Sur. No. 1465, Cohos Mill Site, bears 
N. 16° 42' W. 27.6 ft.; thence S. 79° 5' E. 300 ft. to Cor. No. 
2; thence N. 148 ft. to Cor. No. 3; thence S. 72° 13' E. 210 
ft. to Cor. No. 4; thence S. 80 ft. to Cor. No. 5; thence 

S. 72° 2' E. 474.5 ft. to Cor. No. 6; thence S. 88 ft. to Cor. 

No. 7; thence N. 88 32' W. 946.18 ft. to Cor. No. 8; thence 

N. 263 ft. to Cor. No. 1, the place of beginning. 

Containing 4.747 acres, together with all and singular 
the hereditaments and appurtenances thereto belonging or 
in any wise appertaining. 

Witness my hand and seal, this 26th day of December, in 
the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and three. 

[Seal.] JOHN T. McDONALD. 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


73 


STATE OF COLORADO, 1 
County of Clear Creek, j sS ' 

Before me, the subscriber, a Notary Public in and for 
said County, personally appeared John T. McDonald, to me 
personally known to be the same person described in and 
who executed the within Declaration of Occupation, and 
acknowledged that he signed, sealed and published the 
same as his free and voluntary act and deed, for the uses 
and purposes therein set forth. 

Witness my hand and notarial seal, this twenty-sixth 
day of December, A. D. 1903. 

My commission expires December 27, 1905. 

ROYAL R. GRAHAM, Notary Public. 

(Note.—The certification before a Notary is not neces¬ 
sary. Another example of Mill Site Certificate will be 
given under Field Notes of Patent Surveying.) 

The following Location Certificate, though not according 
to the present requirements of the General Land Office, is 
probably perfectly legal. To avoid trouble, however, it is 
best to take it up by legal subdivisions: 

Placer Location Certificate. 

Know All Men by These Presents, that J. M. Cross, 
the undersigned citizen of the United States, resident of 
the County of Clear Creek, State of Colorado, having com¬ 
plied with the provisions of Chapter 6, Title XXXII., of the 
Revised Statutes of the United States, and with the local 
customs, laws and regulations, claims by right of discov¬ 
ery and location the SNOW STORM Placer Claim, situate, 
lying- and being in Gold Dirt Mining District, County of 
Clear Creek, and State of Colorado, described by metes 
and bounds as follows, to-wit: 

Beginning at Corner No. 1, thence N. 81° 42' E. 329.85 
ft. to Cor. No. 2; thence S. 35° 3' E. 227.6 ft. to Cor. No. 3; 
thence S. 44° 46' W. 213.6 ft. to Cor. No. 4; thence N. 68° 
34' W. 422.30 ft. to Cor. No. 1, the place of beginning. 


74 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


From Cor. No. 1, two prominent peaks bear N. 87° 30' 
W. and S. 45° W., respectively. 

Containing an area of 1.808 acres, said claim was located 
on the 19th day of November, A. D. 1902. 

Date of certificate, December 1st, A. D. 1902. 

J. M. CROSS. 

(A Placer Location Certificate by legal subdivisions will 
be given under Field Notes of Patent Surveying.) 


Tunnel Sites. 

There is considerable difference of opinion in regard to 


1500,fh 


/5O0ff~ 


I 

| 500ft. 

I 

o 

I 

500ff-. 

A 

I 


I 

I 

c 


SOOfh. 


_ /500Jb _L _ 1500Jb 


j 500J=^ 

6 

I 

I 500J=h. 

I 

! 500ff- 

I 

6 - 


Fig. 28. 




MINERAL LAND SL T RVEYING. 


75 


the location of tunnel sites, but the best method seems to 
be the surveying of the proposed line of the tunnel on the 
surface, and the marking of the exterior boundaries of the 
tunnel site. The tunnel line is easiest marked by stakes 
at the various points of set-up, but rather better by stakes 
set at regular intervals of say 500 feet. From the end 
points stakes are set 1,500 feet on each side of the tunnel 
line as shown in Fig. 28. Certain ground is frequently 
located or staked for dumping purposes. 

Location Certificate—Tunnel. 

To All Whom These Presents May Concern: 

Know ye that I, George E. Plant, of Georgetown, Colo¬ 
rado, on the 20th day of May, 1905, located, and by these 
presents do locate, for the discovery of mines and the 
development of lodes or veins, the TIP TOP Tunnel and 
Tunnel Site, and claim the right of occupancy, possession 
and enjoyment thereof, together with the right of posses¬ 
sion of 1,500 feet in length on all veins or lodes within 
3,000 feet from the face of said tunnel, on the line thereof, 
not previously known to exist, discovered in said tunnel, 

V 

situate in Virginia Mining District, Clear Creek County, 
State of Colorado. 

The mouth of the tunnel (at the point where it enters 
cover) is located on the North side of Cold Creek, whence 
Cor. No. 2, Sur. No. 16521, Colorado lode, bears S. 27° 16' 
W. 351.5 ft. 

Size of tunnel, 6 feet wide by 8 feet high in the clear. 

Course of tunnel from its mouth is North 3,000 feet. 

A full description of the stakes set along the line of 

tunnel is as follows: Six stakes set at intervals of 500 

feet for 3,000 feet from mouth. 

A full description of the stakes set at the exterior boun¬ 
daries of the area claimed, 3,000 feet square, is as follows: 

From the mouth of tunnel stakes set 1,500 feet west and 
1,500 feet east, respectively. At 3,000 feet from mouth, 


76 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


stakes set 1,500 feet west and 1,500 feet east, respectively. 

I also claim for dumping purposes a tract of land de¬ 
scribed as follows: Beginning at the mouth of said tunnel, 
thence E. 100 ft.; thence S. 200 ft.; thence W. 200 ft.; 
thence N. 200 ft.; thence E. 100 ft. to place of beginning, 

together with all and singular the hereditaments and ap¬ 
purtenances thereunto belonging or in any wise appertain¬ 
ing, and all rights granted to the locator as tunnel rights 
under the terms of Section 2323 of the Revised Statutes of 
the United States. 

Witness my hand and seal this 20th day of May, A. D. 
1905. [Seal.] GEORGE E. PLANT. 

Legal Subdivisions. 

Locating placers by legal subdivisions of sections is 
closely connected with the procedure for restoring lost cor¬ 
ners of the public survey. The subject is exhaustively 
handled in “Circular on Restoration of Lost or Obliterated 
Corners and Subdivision of Sections: General Land Office, 

4 

March 14, 1901.” The pamphlet may be obtained by apply¬ 
ing to the General Land Office, Washington, D. C. Follow¬ 
ing is an account of the most important points to be kept 
in mind and principles to be applied. An example of the 
Location Certificate required will be given with the Field 
Notes of a Patent Survey. 

General Rules. 

1st. That the boundaries of the public lands established 
and returned by the duly appointed government surveyors, 
when approved by the surveyors general and accepted by 
the government, are unchangeable. 

2nd. That the original township, section and quarter- 
section corners established by the government surveyors 
must stand as the true corners which they were intended 
to represent, whether the corners be in place or not. 

3rd. That quarter-quarter corners not established by 
the government surveyors shall be placed on the straight 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


77 


lines joining the section and quarter-section corners and 
midway between them, except on the last half mile of sec¬ 
tion lines closing on the north and west boundaries of the 
township, or on other lines between fractional sections. 

4th. That all subdivisional lines of a section running 
between corners established in the original survey of a 
township must be straight lines running from the proper 
corner in one section line to its opposite corresponding cor¬ 
ner in the opposite section line. 

5th. That in a fractional section where no opposite cor¬ 
responding corner has been or can be established, any re¬ 
quired subdivision line of such section must be run from 
the proper original corner in the boundary line due east 
and west, or north and south, as the case may be, to the 
water course, Indian reservation or other boundary of such 
section, with due parallelism to section lines. 

From the foregoing it will be plain that extinct corners 
of government surveys must be restored to their original 
locations whenever it is possible to do so; and hence resort 
should always be first had to the marks of the survey in 
the field. The locus of the missing corner should be first 
identified on the ground by the aid of the mound, pits, line 
trees, bearing trees, etc., described in the field notes of the 
original survey. 

The identification of mounds, pits, witness trees or other 
permanent objects noted in the field notes of survey, affords 
the best means of relocating the missing corner in its orig¬ 
inal position. If this can not be done, clear and convinc¬ 
ing testimony of citizens as to the locality it originally 
occupied should be taken if such can be obtained. In any 
event, whether the locus of the corner be fixed by the one 
means or the other, such locus should always be tested 
and confirmed by measurements to known corners. No 
definite rule can be laid down as to what shall be sufficient 
evidence in such cases, and much must be left to the skill, 


78 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


fidelity and good judgment of the surveyor in the perform¬ 
ance of his work. 

Subdivision of Sections. 

1. Subdivision of Sections into Quarter Sections.—Un¬ 
der the provisions of the Act of Congress approved Febru¬ 
ary 11, 1905, the course to be pursued in the subdivision 
of sections into quarter sections is to run straight lines 
from the established quarter section corners, United States 
surveys, to the opposite corresponding corners. The point 
of intersection of the lines thus run will be the corner 
common to the several quarter sections, or, in other words, 
the legal center of the section. 

(a) Upon the lines closing on the north and west 
boundaries of a township, the quarter section corners are 
established by the United States deputy surveyors at 40 

i 

chains to the north or west of the last interior section cor¬ 
ners, and the excess or deficiency in the measurement is 
thrown into the half mile next to the township or range 
line as the case may be. 

<b) Where there are double sets of section corners on 
township and range lines, the quarter corners for the sec¬ 
tions south of the township lines and east of the range 
lines are not established in the field by the United States 
deputy surveyors, but in subdividing such sections said 
quarter corners should be so placed as to suit the calcula¬ 
tions of the areas of the quarter sections adjoining the 
t^vviiohip boundaries as expressed upon the official plat, 
adopting proportionate measurements where the new meas¬ 
urements of the north and west boundaries of the section 
differ from the original measurements. 

2. Subdivision of Fractional Sections.—Where opposite 
corresponding corners have not been or cannot be fixed, 
the subdivision lines should be ascertained by running from 
the established corners due north, south, east or west lines, 
as the case may be, to the water course, Indian boundary 
line or other boundary of such fractional section. 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


79 


(a) The law presumes the section lines surveyed and 
marked in the held by the United States deputy surveyors 
to be due north and south or east and west lines, but in 
actual experience this is not always the case. Hence, in 
order to carry out the spirit of the law, it will be neces¬ 
sary in running- the subdivisional lines through fractional 
sections to adopt mean courses where the section lines are 
not due lines, or to run the division line parallel to the 
east, south, west or north boundary of the section, as con¬ 
ditions may require, where there is no opposite section 
line. 

3. Subdivison of Quarter Sections into Quarter-Quar¬ 
ters.—Preliminary to the subdivision of quarter sections, 
the quarter-quarter corners will be established at points 
midway between the section and quarter section corners, 
and between quarter corners and the center of the section, 
except on the last half mile of the lines closing on the 
north or west boundaries of a township, where they should 

be placed at 20 chains, proportionate measurement, to the 

* 

north or west of the quarter section corner. 

(a) The quarter-quarter section corners having been 
established as directed above, the subdivision lines of the 
quarter section- will be run straight between opposite cor¬ 
responding quarter-quarter section corners on the quarter 
section boundaries. The intersection of the lines thus run 
will determine the place for the corner common to the four 
quarter-quarter sections. • 

4. Subdivision of Fractional Quarter Sections.—The 
subdivision lines of fractional quarter sections will be run 
from properly established quarter-quarter section corners 
(paragraph 3) due north, south, east or west, to the lake, 
water course or reservation which renders such tracts frac¬ 
tional, or parallel to the east, south, west or north bound¬ 
ary of the quarter section, as conditions may require. (See 
paragraph 2-a.) 

5. Proportionate Measurement. — By “proportionate 




80 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


measurement,” as used in this circular, is meant a meas¬ 
urement having- the same ratio to that recorded in the orig¬ 
inal field notes as the length of chain used in the new 
measurement has to the length of chain used in the orig¬ 
inal survey, assuming that the original and new measure¬ 
ments have been correctly made. 

For example: The length of the line from the quarter 
section corner on the west side of Sec. 2, T. 24 N., R. 14 E., 
Wisconsin, to the north line of the township, by the United 
States deputy surveyor’s chain, was reported as 45.40 
chains, and by the county surveyor’s measure is reported 
as 42.90 chains; then the distance which the quarter- 
quarter section corner should be located north of the quar¬ 
ter section corner would be determined as follows: 

As 45.40 chains, the government measure of the whole 
distance, is to 42.90 chains, the county surveyor’s measure 
of the same distance, so is 20.00 chains, original measure¬ 
ment, to 18.90 chains by the county surveyor’s measure, 
showing that by proportionate measurement in this case 
the quarter-quarter section corner should be set at 18.90 
chains north of the quarter section corner, instead of 20.00 
chains north of such corner, as represented on the official 
plat. In this manner the discrepancies between original 
and new measurements are equitably distributed. 

•The foregoing will be clear from an inspection of Fig. 29. 
We will assume that the corners actually existing on the 
ground are represented by the points A B C D E F G, 
while corner H is missing. This corner is re-established 
by placing it on a straight line half way between A and G. 
When the character of the country permits, this had best 
be done by running a random line (straight trial line), 
as nearly direct from A to G as possible. This line will 
probably fall somewhat to the east or west of G, say at G'. 
From G' the course and distance is measured to G. At a 
point half way between A and G' on the line AG' run a 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


81 


line parallel to G'G and half the length of G'G to H. Thus 
H is on line AG equidistant from A and G. 

In rough country it will often be easier or even neces¬ 
sary to run a traverse from A to G, figure the missing 
course, and thus find the course and distance directly from 
A to G. Half of this distance is the distance from G to H. 
This may either be run directly on the ground from G or A, 
or, better still, the position for H may be found by figuring 



the course and distance from the nearest station used on 
the traverse from A to G, for which all the latitudes and 
departures have been previously figured in order to deter¬ 
mine AG. 

4 


















82 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


In a similar way the line between H. and D. is run and 
its interior corner I is established at the point of its inter¬ 
section with the line BF. Midway between B and I, K is 
established, and J between A and H. Half way between 
A and B establish L and similarly M between H and I. 
This same principle will determine the re-establishment of 
lost corners, or the subdivision of the whole section. 

Should the section be on the western tier of the town¬ 
ship, it must be remembered that the eastern portions of 
the sections are subdivided as nearly as possible according 
to the dimensions of a perfect section, and all the error 
thrown into the western portion. 

Tracing Extensions of Veins on the Surface. 

On the borderland, between surface and underground 



30 A. 


30 B. 























MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


83 


4 

surveying- one of the operations that a western surveyor is 
frequently called upon to perform is tracing the extension 
of a known vein or finding from underground workings the 
probable outcrop of a vein. This may be done with various 
solars with great ease as afterwards described, but with 
an ordinary transit it requires considerable calculation. 

Let Fig. 30 in plan, vertical and longitudinal section, 
represent the simplest possible case, a vein striking due 
north and running up a regularly sloping hillside. The 
problem is to find the direction of the apex and the point 



on the surface approximately 600 feet away where the 
vein outcrops. From the tunnel the strike of the vein is 
found to be north, or assumed to be so for simplicity, and 
the dip is found to be 55° 30'. Measuring 600 feet up the 
hill north, the same direction as the tunnel is assumed, 
the angle of elevation is found to be 30° 33', which gives 
us a perpendicular height of 304.9. From this, with the 
angle of dip 55° 30', we find we have to measure 209.5 
feet at right angles to the strike to reach the apex. 
Should the course only of the apex be desired, we have only 










84 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


516.7 

-~ cot course log - 516.7 = 2.713238 

209.5 log - 209.5 = 2.321184 


0.392054 = log cot 22° 4' 
or N. 22° 4' w. 

It will usually happen, however, that A is not on a level 
with B, and therefore some correction must be added or 
subtracted to 209.5 feet as the point A is above or below 
B, as shown in Fig. 30 D. This correction, of course, varies 
as the height varies above or below B, and is figured from 
this height with an angle of 55° 30' as the 209.5 feet was 
figured from 304.5 feet in Fig. 30 C. 

Vein Tracing with the Solar Attachment. 

By using the Shattuck Solar Attachment this becomes 
a very simple orperation and is performed as follows: 

The dip and strike of the vein are first determined by 
any convenient means. Then set the transit over an out¬ 
crop of the vein and attach the solar with the mirror set 
to deflect the line of collimation through an angle of 90°. 

Point the telescope in a direction perpendicular to the 
plane of the vein, which is done by deflecting an angle of 
90° from the strike of the vein, and setting off on the ver¬ 
tical limb an angle of 90° from the dip of the vein. 

The Solar revolved on its axis will then cut a plane of 
the vein. The line where this plane cuts the surface of 
the ground is the line of the apex of the vein, which may 
be traced by simply sighting through the Solar. Its posi¬ 
tion may be marked where it crosses gulches or hillsides 
with equal facility. 

In case there are two openings at different elevations 
on the apex of a slanting vein,, the strike of the vein may 
be determined in a similar manner. 

Place the transit, with Solar attached, over one of the 
croppings; depress the telescope to an angle of 90° plus 
the dip of the vein and direct the telescope toward the 



MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


85 


footwall of the vein. Sight through the transit and solar 
at the other outcrop, when the vernier reading will be 90° 
from the strike of the vein. 

In a similar way the same results may be obtained by 
the use of a solar provided with a telescope, as for exam¬ 
ple, the Berger or Saegmuller Solars. For vein tracing the 
auxiliary telescope of the solar is set exactly parallel to 
the main telescope of the transit in the same vertical plane. 
The auxiliary telescope is then pointed in the direction of 
the dip, as, for example, down a shaft, and at right angles 
to the strike of the vein. If the auxiliary telescope is now 
revolved on the adaptor or whatever device is employed, 
on a plane parallel to the plane of the vein, it will always 
point to some spot on the outcrop, provided, of course, 
the dip and strike are regular. In this way the outcrop 
may be staked by sighting directly through the telescope, a 
process somewhat simpler and clearer than the reflections 
of the Shattuck Solar. 

The top telescope alone of a mining transit may be used, 
provided it will turn on the point of attachment as in the 
Scott model. This may be turned, after it is tightly set, 
by loosening the capstan screw. 






CHAPTER V. 


Surveyinq for Patent. 

We now come to that portion of western mineral sur¬ 
veying where the assistance of a mineral surveyor is re¬ 
quired, namely, surveying for patent. As a rule, before 
beginning patent proceedings, the correctness of the loca¬ 
tion surveys is carefully verified, or the surveys are cor¬ 
rected and modified as required. In the case of groups 
it is especially necessary that the exact status of things 
be known before an order for survey is requested from the 
Surveyor General. This done, the claimant or his attorney 
deposits the fees for the Surveyor General’s Office at the 
nearest United States depository, with the name of the 
claimant and the name of the claim to which the fees are 
to apply. 

He then, on the proper blanks which are supplied by 
the Surveyor General, applies to the Surveyor General to 
issue an order for survey. This form is given later under 
Specimen Field Notes. With this application are forwarded 
certified copies of the location certificates. 

At the present writing the mineral surveyor is strictly 
forbidden either to send the monev to the United States 
depository, or make out the application to the Surveyor 
General for survey, and is strictly forbidden to act as 
attorney in any way for the claimant. He may not even 
make an estimate to the claimant of the probable cost of 
the complete patent. This also applies to his chainman. 

The certified copies of location certificates are carefully 
examined in the Surveyor’s General Office, and if any mis¬ 
takes are found, are returned for correction. Here it may 
be observed that the commonest mistakes found in these 
certificates are in angular claims which fail to close. If 




MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 87 

the certificates are satisfactory they are copied in the Sur¬ 
veyor’s General Office and the copies, with the order of 
survey, are sent to the United States mineral sur- 

9 

veyor designated in the application. 

This order is also given later under Specimen Field 

* • 

Notes. 

The mineral surveyor then surveys the claim exactly as 
described for a location survey, except that the work is 
done much more carefully and with greater safeguards. 
In place of the stakes used in the location survey, stones, 
rocks in place, substantial posts, or even trees, are used 
for corners. If the ground is such that it is impossible to 
set a corner, or if it is seen that a corner can not possibly' 
be permanent if set, a witness corner is placed on one of 
the lines of the survey, but not except when absolutely 
necessary, off of these lines. Cor. No. 1 is placed on the 
end of the claim nearest the section corner or monument 
of the public survey, but it is not necessarily the nearest 
corner. Thus in Fig. 31 one section tie serves for both 


Sur No 17136 


Sur No. 17136 


Fig. 31. 

claims, which would not be the case should it be required 
to tie the nearest corner of the claim to the section corner 
and make it Cor. No. 1. 


d 

/ Y 


/ 




\Section 
z Corner 


/ 









88 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


In case the surveyor has not carefully verified his loca¬ 
tion certificates in advance, he may find that the condi¬ 
tions on the ground do not fit the descriptions in the cer¬ 
tificates. Usually a slight divergence of a few minutes or 
a few feet is permitted by the Surveyor General. In case 
the divergence is material, it is then necessary to amend 
the locations and the claimant must apply for a new order 
for survey. This new order costs $5 and results in a new 
number being issued and a cancellation of the old number. 
Therefore it is stated again that too much care can not 
be taken to verify the descriptions in the' location certifi¬ 
cates before an order is requested. 

Wherever possible, bearings are taken from the corners 
set to blazed trees, rocks in place, boulders, and, lastly, to 
mountain peaks, or permanent objects. The blazed trees 
and stakes are marked with a timber scribe, and the rocks 
and stone corners are chiseled. 

The tie to a section corner may often be made directly 
from some convenient point during the process of the 
survey and the missing course figured from Cor. No. 1, as 
given above under Location Surveys. As a rule,* more or 
less of a traverse must be made to the section corner and 
afterwards the direct course from Cor. No. 1 is figured. 
When the surveyor has a claim that he has previously sur¬ 
veyed for patent in the vicinity, which is tied to a section ’ 
corner, he may run to this claim and figure his section tie 
through it. Should he tie through any other claim not 
his own survey, the work must be thoroughly checked. 
This practically means that he can use another’s survey 
only as a help to find the section corner. The traverse to 
the section corner in any case is filed on a special blank 
with the field notes in the Surveyor’s General Office. Ties 
made to a United States locating monument are in every 
way the same as to section corners. 

A general description of the corner or monument tied 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


89 


to must be given in the notes, examples of which will be 
given later on. 

In many districts, such as, for example, the Clear Creek 
and Gilpin districts, the work of connecting the corners of 
the public survey is greatly facilitated by a number of 
triangulation systems in which each station of the system 
is tied to some corner of the public survey. In some cases 
these triangulation systems are official, and figure on the 
maps in the Surveyor’s General Office, but in most cases 
they are simply private aids. With these systems the min¬ 
eral surveyor has simply to tie to some triangulation station, 
and at his office has the bearing and distance from this station 
(with its latitude and departure) all figured out to the sec¬ 
tion corner. He has only to add this latitude and depar¬ 
ture to this traverse to the triangulation station in order 
to figure his section tie. The triangulation systems are 
also useful for deflecting lines. 

Thus, one may set up on a triangulation station, sight 

to some other triangulation station, the course of which is 

/ 

known, and thence run to the claim to be surveyed, carry¬ 
ing the course with him. In this way the figuring of a 
direct observation is avoided. (Plate I.) 

Ties to other claims are also made from the most con¬ 
venient points on the survey, only as a rule they are much 
shorter than the section tie. In order to know exactly the 
position of each conflicting claim, ties must be made to 
every corner terminating a line in conflict with the claim 
being surveyed. In case some of the required corners on 
a conflicting claim are missing, the lines are treated in a 
manner to be described later on. In case no corners at all 
are to be found, and no bearing trees, bearing rocks, etc., 
it is necessary to tie to the discovery shaft of the conflict¬ 
ing claim. If the discovery shaft can not be identified, 
the claim must be treated descriptively, and this case will 
be taken up under examples of figuring. As with the cor¬ 
ner of a public survey, the corners of all claims tied to 




90 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


must be described in a general way as stone, post, etc., 
and the markings noted.. 

All workings and improvements, such as shafts, tun¬ 
nels, adits, buildings, etc., are tied in from convenient 
points on the survey, and the courses and dimensions taken. 
They are eventually figured to some corner of the claim. 

Roads, gulches, creeks, hill crests, county lines, etc., are 
picked up in the course of the survey and enough of them 
run out so that they can be indicated on the map and the 
general direction and intersection with the boundaries of 
the claim known. 

Up to this time the survey has been treated as though 
one location at a time were being surveyed, or in the case 
of many locations as if each one were being surveyed as 
a unit. In the case of groups of claims, the surveying may 
be often greatly simplified by a little forethought. This 
is evident in the case of those locations which lie side by 
side when one surveyed center line may serve for the 
whole group, the end lines being run from its two ends. 

In the case of a whole group where the claims are irreg¬ 
ularly arranged, it is well to make a closed traverse in¬ 
cluding all the discovery shafts before an application for 
an order of survey is made. This traverse is then platted 
and the claims arranged in the manner best suited to 
cover the veins and ground desired. The surveyor then, 
figures out the fewest lines that can possibly be run which 
will take in all the corners and improvements. In this 
way the running of the center line of each claim is 
avoided. If the original traverse stakes have remained in 
place, it is often possible to put in many of the corners 
from them without further surveying. The surveyor must 
also make sure that he really has a group before the claim¬ 
ant applies for an order for survey, that is, that the claims 
actually conflict continuously or are contiguous, i. e., hav¬ 
ing boundary lines in common, and not just corner in cer¬ 
tain cases. 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


91 


After the survey is completed it is carefully platted, 
usually on a scale of 200 feet to the inch. The use of 
drawing paper on which is engraved a protractor greatly 
facilitates the platting. The lines are carried from the 
protractor by a parallel rule. The plat made, the figuring 
of intersections and areas is begun. 

Anqles from Courses. 

Before taking up patent figuring it will be well to show 
how the angles of the various triangles are found. 

To determine the value of the various angles of trian¬ 
gles, the directions of whose sides are designated by 
courses, is somewhat confusing to the beginner, especially 
if he is not thoroughly familiar with field methods. Fig. 
32, A, B, C and D, shows the four possible cases, the angles 
in question being the interior angles between solid lines. 
A shows the simplest possible case. Each course being 
S. W., we simply subtract 20° from 60° and get the angle 


N 



Fig. 32 A. 


N 



™“. In B we have a case, on each side of the north and 
south line, and the amounts of the two courses have sim¬ 
ply to be added to obtain the required angle. Thus 70° + 
34° = 104°. In C the amounts of the two courses are added 
and the sum subtracted from 180°. Thus, 40° + 55° = 95°, 










92 


mineral land surveying. 


180° — 95° = 85°, or 90° — 40° = 50°, and 90° — 55° = 35°, 
35° _j_50o —85°, the angle required. For D the included angle 
may be obtained in three different ways. The difference in 
course may be obtained and then subtracted from 180°, 
as go 0 —20° = 40°, 180°—40° = 140°, or 180°—60° = 120° + 
20° = 140°, or 90°—60° = 30°-f 90° + 20° = 140°, the angle re- 


N 


N 



Fig. 32 C. 



•E 


quired. The reverse of these methods may of coursq be 

used in deriving courses from angles. 

* 

Patent Figuring of Survey No. 17846. 

Taking Sur. No. 17846 in Plate II. as the claim to be 
patented, the section tie from Cor. No. 1 of the claim is 
figured by means of the missing course of the traverse 
actually measured from the end center. Thus, beginning 
at Cor. No. 1, thence to No. 1, thence to No. 2, thence to 
No. 3, or the section corner, thence by misusing course to 
Cor. No. 1. 






MINERAL LAND SURVEYING 


93 


2 

o 

ft- 

ro 

o 

o 

3 

72 

co 

P 

3 

& 


to 

Ml 

I— 1 

05 

o 

o 

•-5 

72 


3 

O' 

*3 

3 

a> 

<< 

o’ 

3 

72 

o 

3 

o 

p 


3 

c 

•1 


to 


oo to oo 
-1 


05 


oo 

o 




O 

o 


cn 

j-i 

© 


cn 


-i 

cn 

O ^ 

*• o 

s* Q 

3 © 

® m 


O 

3 

3. 

w" 

o 

Ml 

o 

3 

3 

& 

o 

3 




-5^05 05i^WCT(t>. i-i 




oco^rf^ocncno 
O °0 °0 °0 o 


o 

o 


to 


Mi © 


co to 
o o 


UI 

<“t . 

00 -q A H p E> 

M- M- 

3 


Ml M* © 


UI 

M- 

P 


td 


t m 


1-11-1 3 ^ 

05 M O O 3 CD 
o o o o Cfp 3 

co i-j 


o cn 





to 

to 

to 

to 

4 ** 

M 

■ CO 

4 *> 

4 » 

4 ^ 

to 

05 

cn 


o 

4 ^ 

CO 

i — 1 

oo 

M 

CO 

o 

05 

to 

CO 

to 

05 



O 

to 

00 

to 

O 

CO 

cn 

M 

4 ^ 

4 * 

CO 

05 

cn 


05 

cn 

bo 

M 



to 

O 

cn 

05 


(D 


u 

ui 


xn 

z 

3 

CD 


f-* 

M 




to 

to 


to 

to 

4- 


CO 

CO 

r-* 

cn 

4^ 

4^ 

to 

CO 

d 

hj 

4^ 

cn 

05 

cn 

00 

o 

4* 

o 

CO 

1—»• 

Ml 


to 

CD 

o 

cn 

M 

CD 

CO 

MM. 

Tf) 

l-H 

CO 

cn 

o 

© 

to 

CO 

05 

05 

Ml 

4^ 

h- 1 

to 

© 

© 

oo 

CO 

1—* 

cn 

CD 

d 

bo 


CD 

cn 

05 

to 

o 

o 

00 

o 

05 

CO 

O 

M 

cn 

05 

r~t 

c 

3 

UI 

d 

% 

UI 

UI 

UI 

UI 

UI 

Sz5 

d 

d 






SJ 





4^ 

CO 

4^ 

oo 

cn 

to 

cn 


cn 

to 

M 


cn 

OO 








cn 

co 

o 

CD 

o 

05 

00 

4* 

4- 

CD 

4^ 

cn 

o 

1— 1 


cn 

cn 

cn 

cn 

o 


o 

o 

O 

o 

o 

O 

o 

o 

O 

O 

o 

o 

o 

o 


o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

33 

h-i 

O 

3 

CO 

to 

to 

to 

M 

05 

cn 

co 

Ml 

CD 

to 

CO 

CO 

CD 

4^ 

05 

M 


3 


H 

M 

H 

H 

3 

3 

1 J 




-* 



*• 

** 


•* 










72 

(X> 

H 


3 

s! 

H 

K 

3 

4 

M 

3 

H 









(D 



d 

> 

Q 

H 

d 

td 

O 


2 

o 

d 

H 

W 

O 

o 

CQ 

d 


UI 


05 


cn 


tO H CO ^ 


to 


Ml 

cn 

05 

o 

rn 

M- 

O 

3 

<D 


to to 

Ml Ml 
h-i M 
05 05 

72 72 


o 

3 

CD 


2 

o 

Q 

o 

3 

m 

P 

n- 

U1 

CD 

3 

Qj 


-3 -3 
cn cn 

•M 4*> 


05 

Cn 

co 


05 

CT 

co 


05 

cn 

CO 


CO O 
<1 

4»- CD 

X rtn 
05 CfQ 

3 


CO CO CO 72 


72 CO 


o 

3 

CD 


O 

3 

3 


O 

3 

CD 


3 

o' 

CD 
3 
CD 
& 

05 

co cn 
o 

3i Qi 
Ms CD - 

£ CD .. 

33 d 


co to 


II 3 

05 ^ 

CD CO 
O ’CD 
O 


CO 00 -3 3 ^ P 

3 


O 

3 

3 


O 

o 


CD 


O 

3 

CD 

3 

& 


3 

CD 


oo 

4» 

05 


X 

CO 

X 


O 

3 

CD 

3 

& 


3 

CD 


td 

H 

g 

td 

d 

ui 


M^ Mi 
Mi 05 

UI S' 

o co 




94 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING 


Station. | Course. 

Cor. 1—No. 1_|S. 15° E. 

No. 1—No. 2_N. 81° W. 

No. 2—3, Sec. Cor. N.50° W. 

Dist. 

150.00 

396.2 

329.5 

N.Lat 

61.98 

211.79 

S. Lat. 

144.88 

E. D’p 

38.82 

W. D’p 

391.31 

252.41 


273.77 

144.88 

128.89 

144.88 

38.82 

643.72 

38.82 

604.90 


log 128.89 = 2.110220 

log 604.90 = 2.781684 


9.328536 = cot 77° 58' 


log 604.90 = 2.781684 

sin 77° 58' = 9.990351 


2.791333 = log 618.49 

Missing course = S 77° 58' E 618.49 
Sec. tie N 77° 58' W 618.49 feet 


For the conflicting claim, Sur. No. 16591, the missing 
courses (the side and end lines) of the line actually 
traversed show us that the claim is surveyed and described 
correctly, with an error on not more than 1 foot in 2,000. 


Station. 

1—16591—No. 5.. 

No. 5—No. 4. 

No. 4—No. 6. 

No. 6—4—16591.. 
Cor. 4—1. 


Course. 

S. 29° 39' E 
S. 14° 46' W. 
S. 4° 2' W. 
S. 58° 19' W. 
N. 10° 15' E. 


Dist. 

217.9 

474.8 

703.3 

240 

1500 


>4. Lat. 

S. Lat. 

18.,.35 
459.11 
701.55 
126.05 

E. D’p 

107.79 

W. D p 


121.01 

49.46 

204.23 





1476.06 

266.92 



1476.06 

1476.06 

374.70 

374.70 


Station. 

2— 16591—No. 5... 

No. 5—No. 4. 

No. 4—No. 6. 

No. 6—Cor. 3_ 

3— 2 . 


Station. 

1- 16591—No. 5... 
No. 5-2-16591... 

2- 16591—1-16591.. 


Course. 

Dist. 

N.Dat. 

S. Lat. 

E. D’plW. D’p 

S. 54° 3' W. 

231.5 


135.91 


187.40 

S 14° 46' W. 

474.8 


459.11 


121.01 

S. 4° 2' W. 

703.3 


701.55 


49.46 

S. 26° 53' E. 

201.17 


170.42 

90.95 


N. 10° 15' E. 

1500 

1476.06 


266.92 




1476.06 

1475.99 

357.87 

357.87 


Course. 

~Dist - 

NXat. 

S. Lat. 

E. D’p| W. D’p 

S. 29° 39' E. 

217.9 


189.35 

107.78 


N. 54° 3'E. 

231.54 

135.91 


187.42 


N. 79° 45' W. 

300.00 

53.38 



295.21 



189.29 

189.35 

295.20 

295.21 




















































































MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 95 


Station. 

3- 16591—No. 6. 
No. 6-4-16591.. 

4- 16591—3-16591 


Course. 

N. 26° 53' W.| 
S. 58° 19' W.l 
S. 79° 45' E.| 


Dist. 

201.2 

240.00 

300.00 

N.Lat. 

179.45 

S. Lat. 

E. D’p 

W. D’p 
90.97 
204.23 

126.05 

53.38 



295.21 



179.45 

179.43 

295.21 

295.20 


Conflict With Sur. No. 16591. 

We are now in a position to figure the tie from Cor. 
No. 1, Sur. No. 17846, to Cor. No. 1, Sur. No. 16591, by 
missing course as follows: 


Station. | Course. 

1-17846—No. 1... S. 15° E. 

No 1—No 4 . . . N. 75° E. 

Dist. 

150.00 

335.6 

474.8 

217.9 

N.Lat. 

S. Lat. 
144.88 

E. D’p 
38.82 
324.15 
121.01 

W. D’p 

86.86 

459.11 

189.35 


No 4—No. 5.N. 14° 46' E. 



No. 5—1-16591.. .|N. 29° 39'W. 


107.78 




735.32 
144.S8 

144.88 

483.98 

107.78 

107.78 

590.44 

376.20 


log 

590.44 

=: 2.771176 

log 590.44 

= 2.771176 

log 

376.20 

= 2.575419 

log cos 32° 31' 

= 9.926029 

cot 

32° 30' 

= 0.195757 

log 700.08 

= 2.845147 

Tie 

N 32° 

30' E 700.08 feet. 



32° 

30' 

700. 590.37 

376.11 




.08 .06 

.04 



To 

check 590.43 

376.15 



We now figure the triangle a b c, in which we have 
the course and length of a b given, namely, N 32° 30' E 
700.08 feet. Subtracting courses to find angles, we get: 


a = 32° 30' b = 75°00' c= 10° 15' a= 22° 15' 

10° 15' 32° 30' 90° 00' b= 42° 30' 

- 15° 00'= (90°—75°) c = 115° 15' 

22° 15' 42° 30' - 

115° 15' 

sin 115° 15' : 700.08 = sin 22° 15' : ? 
sin 115° 15' : 700.08 == sin 42° 30' : ? 


180° 00' 















































96 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


log- 700.08 = 2.845147 

log- sin 22° 15' = 9.578236 

colog sin 115° 15' = 0.043613 


log 293.08 = 2.466996 


log 700.08 = 2.845147 

log sin 42° 30' = 9.829683 

colog sin 15° 15' = 0.043613 


log 522.90 = 2.718443 


The angle e of the right triangle dec is known 
(79° 45' + 75° = 154° 45' . 180° — 154° 45' =. 25° 15') 
to be 25° 15'. We know d e is 300 feet, the width of the 
claim, therefore, 300 is multiplied by the tan e to get c d. 
The length of the line c e may be found by multiplying 
300 by the nat secant of e. or 300 may be divided by the 
cos of 25° 15'. 


nat tan 25° 15' : 

= .47163 nat secant 25° 15' = 

1.105638 

t 

300 

300 


141.489 

331.6914 

log 300 = 

2.477121 


log cos 25° 15' = 

9.956387 


log 331.69 = 

2.520734 



Here natural functions may be used with great advan¬ 
tage, as d e is, with rare exceptions, 150, 300 or 600 feet, 
the width of the claim. The natural tangent of e may 
then be rapidly multiplied by 300 or 600, and in case of 
150, quickly halved, and the half added to the tangent and. 
multiplied by 100. The secant is treated in the same way. 

The triangle 1 n c is, of course, equal to the triangle 
dec. 

By subtracting 141.49 from 522.9U we get 381.41, the 
length of the line from Cor. No. 2, Sur. No. 16591, to the 
intersection of line 1-4, Sur. No. 17846. All the sides of 
the parallelogram cehn are, of course, of equal length 
and 331.69 feet. We therefore have n and h 854.59 and 
713.10 feet, respectively, distant from Cors. Nos. 1 and 2, 
Sur. No. .16591. By subtracting these distances ff-om 1500 
we get the respective distances from Cors. Nos. 4 and 3. 







MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 97 

The distances of e and h from Cors. Nos. 1 and 2 of 
Sur. No. 17846 are found in the same way. 

293.08 293.08 
141.49 331.69 


151.59 624.77 = distance to e 

331.69 


483.28 = distance to h 


The area of the parallelogram cehn is found by mul¬ 
tiplying 331.69 by 300, the width of the claim, and dividing 
by 43560, the number of square feet in an acre. 

log 331.69 = 2.520734 log 331.69 = 2.520734 

log 300 = 2.477121 log 300 . = 2.477121 

colog 43560 = —5.360912 - 

- 4.997855 

log 2.284 acres = 0.358767 log 43560 = 4.639088 

log 2.284 acres = 0.358767 

The process is somewhat simplified by adding the colog 
as given above. 


Conflict With Sur. No. 17541. 

In the case of Sur. 17541 we find Cors. Nos. 1 and 2, 
but not Cors. Nos. 3 and 4. The line 1,-2 is found by our 
survey to be correct and Cors. Nos. 3 and 4 are then placed 
S 26° E 1500 feet away as given in the notes of the survey 
for patent of Sur. No. 17541. We then figure the tie from 
Cor. No. 2, Sur. No. 17846, to Cor. No. 1, Sur. No. 17541. 


Station. 
2-17846—No. 1, 
No. 1—No. 4.. 
No. 4-1-17541 


Course. | List. 

N. 15° W.l 150.00 
N. 75° E. | 335.6 
S. 50° 16' E. | 87.4 


> ) 
) ) ) 


N.Lat. 

144.88 

86.86 

S. Lat.|E. JJ’plYV.L’p 

.1.| 38.82 

.j 324.15|. 

55.86| 67.21i. 



231.74 

55.S6I 391.36! 38.82 

55.86 

| 38.82| 

1 1 

175.88 

| 352.54 


> * > 
























98 


MINERAL, LAND SURVEYING. 


log 

175. 

88 


_ 2.245242 

log 

352.54 

log 

352. 

54 


= 2.547208 

log 

sin 63° : 

log 

cot 

63° 

29' = 

: 9.698034 

log 

393.98 

Tie 

N i 

63° 2 

!9' E 

393.98 feet. 


• 

O 

CO 

*£> 

29' 






' * 


300. 

— 

133.94 

268.44 




93. 

mi 

41.52 

83.22 




• 

98 = 

.44 

.88 


To 

check 


175.90 

352.54 


We 

now 

find 

the triangle 

j i k: 


j = 

63° 

29' 

i 

= 75° 

k= 26° 

180° 

26° 



63° 29' 

75 c 

’ 101° 


89° 

29' 


11° 31' 

101° 

79° 

sin 

79° 

00' 

: 393. 

98 = sin 11 

0 31' : ? 


sin 

79° 

00' 

: 393. 

98 = sin 89 

° 29' : ? 


log 

393 

.98 


= 2.595480 

log 393.98 

log 

sin 

11° 

31' 

= 9.300276 

log sin 89° 29 

colog sin 79° 00' 

= 0.008053 

colog 

sin 79° 

log 

80.: 

13 


= 1.903809 

log 401.34 


Then for the triangle p k o' we have the angle 
(75° — 64° = 11°) and as it is a right triangle, 
it as in the case of the triangle dec given above. 


nat tan 11° = 


nat sec 11' 


.19438 

300 

58.314 


log 300 = 2.477121 

log cos 11° = 9.991947 

log 305.61 = 2.485174 

With 80.13 from above and, 1,18.44 (58.31 + 


2.547208 

9.951728 

2.595480 


= 89° 29' 
= 11° 31' 
= 79° 


180° 00' 


2,595480 

9.999982 

0.008053 


2.603515 

k = 11° 
we work' 


1.0187 

300 


305.6100 


80.13) we 














MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


99 


have the two parallel sides of the trapezoid j k p o, and 
the area is found as follows: 


138.44 

log 109.28 = 

2.038541 

80.13 

log 300 = 

2.477121 

— 

colog 43560 = 

—5.360912 

2)218.57 




log .7526 

—1.876574 

109.28 



log 109.28 

= 2.038541 


log 300. 

= 2.477121 



4.515662 


log 43560 

— 4.639088 


log .7526 

= 1.876574 



To get the net area of the conflict between Sur. No. 
17846 and Sur. No. 17541, that is, exclusive of the conflict 
between Sur. No. 17846 and Sur. No. 16591, we must figure 
the quadrilateral j k h r. From previous figuring we have 
the distance from Cor. No. 2, Sur. No. 17846, to k' and h, 
respectively, and by subtracting, we thus get k h to be 
81.94 feet (483.28—401.34). From this we may figure the 
quadrilateral in two ways: either as tw r o triangles, or by 
prolonging it to k', and figuring the triangle j k'r. 

The easiest way to figure j h is by missing course as 
follows: 


Station. | Course. | Dist. 

j_k .|S. 26° E. 80.13 

N.Lat. 

S. Lat. 

72.02 

E. D’p 
35.13 
79.16 

VV. D’p 

k—h .|N. 75° E. 81.94 

21.21 





21.21 

72.02 

21.21 

114.29 



| 50.81| 

log 50.81 = 1.705949 log 114.29 = 2.058007 

log 114.29 = 2.058007 log sin 66° 2' = 9.960843 

±= 9.647942 


log cot 66° 2' 


1 


log 125.07 


2.097164 



























100 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


Course N 66° 2' W 125.07 feet. 


66° 2' 

100. = 40.62 

91.38 




25. = 10.15 

22.84 




CO I 

o 1 
■ 1 

II 

u- 

o 

.06 



To check 

50.80 

114.28 



We find 

the area of jkh 

as follows: 



j = 66° 2' 

k= 26 J h 

= 66° 2' 180° 


j= 40° 2' 

26° 

75° 

75° 141° 

2' 

h= 38° 58' 
k= 101° 00' 

40° 2' 

101° 

141° 2' 38° 

58' 





180° 00' 

Area = K 

= y 2 (125.07 X 80.13 X sin 40° 

2'). 


log 125.07 

= 2.097164 

log 125.07 

— 

2.097164 

log 80.13 

= 1.903795 

log 80.13 

— 

1.903795 

log sin 40° 

2' = 9.808368 

log sin 40 

0 2' = 

9.808368 

colog 87120 





- tJ , U t) is O O 





— 



3.809327 

log .0739 

=■ —2.869209 

log 43560 


4.639088 



log .1479 


—1.170239 



2) .1479 




.0739 acres 


Here it is more convenient tQ add the colog of 87120 
(43560 X 2) in place of dividing by 43560 and afterwards 
by 2. 

In the triangle j h r the area is found to be: 


j= 64° 180° h = 10°15' r = 64° 

66° 2' 130° 2' 66° 2' 10° 15' 


130° 2' 49° 58' 


76° 17' 


53° 45’ 


j = 49° 58' 
h— 76° 17' 
r — 53° 45' 


180° 00' 


Area = K = % 


( 


(125.07) 2 X sin 76° 17' X sin 49° 58' 


sin 53° 45' 


) 


t < v 
1 c 


( C t. 
















MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


101 


log: 125.07 = 2.097164 

log to square = 2.097164 

log sin 76° 17' = 9.987434 

log sin 49° 58' = 9.884042 

colog sin 53° 45' =: 0.093425 


colog 87120 
log .1656 


= —5.059882 


= —1.219111 


log 125.07 
log to square 
log sin 76° 17' 
log sin 49° 58' 


- log sin 53° 45' = 


log 43560 
log .3313 


2) .3313 

.1656 acres 
.0739 acres 


2.097164 

2.097164 

9.987434 

9.884042 


4.065804 

9.906575 


4.159229 

4.639088 


= —1.52014 


Total area j khr = .2395 acres 


Another way of calculating- the quadrilateral j k h r 
is as follows: We first figure the triangle kk'h in which, 
as we have seen above, we have kh = 81.94. 

k= 75° 180° k'=10°15' h = 75° k = 79° 

26° 101° 26° 10° 15' k'= 36° 15' 

- - - - h = 64° 45' 

101° 79° 36° 15' 64° 45' - 

180° 00' 


sin 36° 15' : 81.94 = sin 64° 45' : ? 


Area = K — y 2 


( 


(81.94) 2 X sin 79° X sin 64° 45' 


sin 36° 15' 


log 81.94 = 1.913496 

log to square = 1.913496 

i log sin 79° =, 9.991947 

I log sin 64° 45' = 9.956387 

j colog sin 36° 15' = 0.228185 

| colog 87120 = —5.059882 


j log .115 = —1.063393 

.115 = area k k' h 


















102 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


log 81.94 

— 

1.913496 


log sin 64° 

II 

V 

9.956387 


colog sin 36° 

15' = 

0.228185 


log 125.35 

= 

2.098068 



* 

jk = 

80.13 



tff 

11 

125.35 



jk' = 

205.48 

For the 

triangle 

j k' r we 

thus 


which we figure the area. 


the base from 


log 205.48 — 2.312769 area jk'r = .355 acres 

log tan 36° 15' = 9.865240 area kk'h = .115 acres 

log 205.48 = 2.312769 

colog 87120 = —5.059882 area jkhr = .240 acres 

log .355 = —1.550660 

This result checks the first method and gives another 
method which frequently has to be used. 

Conflict With Sur. No. 12716. 

Taking next our conflict with Sur. No. 12716. we figure 
the missing course from Cor. No. 4, Sur. No. 17846, to 
Cor. No. 2, Sur. No. 12716, using our tie made on the 
ground from No. 8. We assume that we have found the 
boundaries of Sur. No. 12716 to be correct. 


Station. | Course. 

4-17846—No. 9....|S. 15° E 

No. 9—No. 8.|S. 75° W 

No. 8-2-12716... |N. 40° 32' W 


log 216.07 = 2.334595 

log 444.05 = 2.647432 

log * cot 64° 03' = 9.687163 


List. |N.Lat. 

150.00|. 

S. Lat. 

144.88 

E. D’p| 

38.82 

W. D’p 

458. OOj. 

118.54 

442.39 

62.3 j 47.35 


40.48 




I 

\ 47.35 

263.42 

47.35 

38.82 

482.87 

38.82 


| 216.07 


444.05 

log 444.05 = 2.647432 

log sin 64° 03' = 9.953845 

log 493.84 

= 2.693587 























MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


103 


Course S 64° 03' W 493.84 feet. 
64° 03' 

400 = 175.04 359.67 

93 — 40.69 83.62 

• 84 = .36 .75 


To check 216.09 444.04 


The triangles w x z and w x y may be worked at the 


same time, and 

the triangle 

yzx afterwards 

calculated 

as a check and for area. 





w—75° 

x = 

64° 03' 

y= 

= 51° 


w — 10° 57' 

64° 03' 


51° 


90° 


x — 13° 03' 





15° (90°- 

-75°) 

y=156° 

10° 57' 


13° 03' 




- 





156° 


180° 00 ' 


z — 75 

° 180° 

X 

= 64° 03' 


w — 10° 57' 


39 

° 114° 


39° 


z — 66 ° 


— 



— 


x = 103° 03' 


114 

° 66 ° 


103° 03' 


— 







180° 00 ' 
% 

sin 156° : 

493.84 

= sin 10 ° 

57' : 

: 7 ' 



sin 156° : 

493.84 

= sin 13° 

03' 

: ? 



sin 66 ° : 

493.84 

= sin 10 ° 

57' : 

: 7 



sin 66 ° : 

493.84 

= sin 103° 

03' : 

; 7 



log 493.84 


2.693587 


log 493.84 


= 2.693587 

log sin 10 

° 57' = 

9.278644 


log sin 13 

0 03' 

= 9.353726 

colog sin 

156° = 

0.390687 


colog sin 

156° 

= 0.390687 

log 230.63 

— 

2.362918 


log 274.16 


= 2.438000 

log 493.84 

— 

2.693587 


log 493.84 


= 2.693587 

log sin 10 

° 57' = 

9.278644 


log sin 103° 03' 

= 9.988636 

colog sin 

66 ° = 

0.039270 


colog sin 

66 ° 

= 0.039270 

log 102.68 

— 

2.011501 


log 526.61 


= 2.721493 


In the right triangle yzx we have from above z x = 

102.68 

















104 

MINERAL LAND 

SURVEYING. 


log 102.68 

2.011501 

log 102.68 

= 2.011501 

log tan 66° 

10.351417 

log cos 66° 

= 9.609313 

log 230.63 

2.362918 

log 252.47 

= 2.402188 

log 102.68 

= % 2.011501 

274.16 


log 230.63 

= 2.362918 

252.47 


colog 87120 

— —5.059882 

— 




526.63 To 

check 

log .2718 

= —1.434301 



.2718 = 

area y z x 




Conflict With Sur. No. 1462. 

In the case of the conflict with Sur. No. 1462, no cor¬ 
ners, hearing trees, or bearing rocks could be found, neither 
could the discovery shaft be identified. The conflict, there¬ 
fore, must be figured according to its patented or descrip¬ 
tive position and from its section tie. This patented posi¬ 
tion of Sur. No. 1462 may or may not be its true position, 
depending on the accuracy of the section tie. In this case 
a traverse is made from Cor. No. 1, Sur. No. 1462, to section 
corner (by means of its section tie), thence by section tie 
to Cor. No. 1, Sur. No. 17846, thence along lines 1-4 and 4-3, 
Sur. No. 17846, thence by missing course to Cor/ No. 1, 
Sur. No. 1462. 


Station. ' 1 Course. 

1-1462—Sec. Cor.. N. 87° 14'W. 
Sec. Cor.—1-17846 S. 77° 58' W. 

1— 2-17846 .|N. 75° E. 

2- 3-17846 .|S. 15° E. 

Dist. 

2006.4 

618.49 

1500.00 

300.00 

N.Lat.| 

96.85 

388.23 

S. Lat. 

128.89 

289.78 

E. D’p 

604.90 

1448.85 

77.64 

w:iTp 

4 

485.08 

418.671 

66.41 

418.67 

1 

2131.39 

2004.06| 

127.33 

r 


log 66.41 = 1.822233 log 127.33 = 2.104928 

log 127.33 = 2.104928 log sin 62° 27' = 9.947731 


log cot 62° 27' 


9.717305 


log 143.61 


2.157197 






























MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


±05 


Course S. 
62° 27' 

62° 27' W. 143.61 feet. 

100. = 46.25 

88.66 


43. = 19.89 

38.12 


.61 = .28 

.54 

To check 

66.42 

127.32 

From 

this the triangles u s t and v 

v = 32° 

s = 62° 27' 

t = 15° 

15° 

32° 00' 

62° 27' 

47 ° 

30° 27' 

77° 27' 

u = 75° 

180° 

t=75° 

32° 

43° 

62° 27' 

43° 

137° 

12° 33' 

sin 137° 

: 143.61 = sin 

30° 27' : ? 

sin 137° 

: 143.61 = sin 

12° 33' : ? 

sin 47° 

: 143.61 = sin 

102° 33' : ? 

sin 47° 

: 143.61 = sin 

30° 27' : ? 


180° 

77° 27' 


102° 33' 


log 143.61 = 2.157197 

log sin 30° 27' = 9.704825 

colog sin 137° = 0.166217 


log 106.74 


= 2.028239 


log 143.61 = 2.157197 

log sin 102° 33' = 9.989497 
colog sin 47° = 0.135873 

log 191.67 = 2.282567 

In triangle utv we have: 

log 106.74 = 2.028239 

log tan 43° — 9.969656 


v — 47° 
s — 30° 27' 
t=102° 33' 


180° 00 ' 

u = 137 0 

t= 12° 33' 
s= 30° 27' 


180° 00 ' 


= 1.997895 


log 143.61 
log sin 12° 33' 
colog sin 137° 

log 45.76 

log 143.61 
log sin 30° 27' 
colog sin 47° 

log 99.52 


log 106.74 
log cos 43° 

log 145.92 


= 2.157197 
= 9.337043 
= 0.166217 

= 1.660457 

= 2.157197 
= 9.704825 
= 0.135873 

= 1.997895 


= 2.028239 
= 9.864127 


log 99.52 


2.164112 























106 


MINERAL, LAND SURVEYING. 


log 106.74 
log 99.52 
colog 87120 


2.028239 

1.997895 

-5.059882 


To check 


145.92 

45.76 


uv 

su 


191.68 = sv 


log .1219 


-1.086016 


.1219 acre — area triangle utv 


Conflict With Sur. No. 17560. 

For Sur. No. 17560 we first find the course and dis¬ 
tance from Cor. No. 3, Sur. No. 17846, to Cor. No. 4, Sur. 
No. 17560, as follows: 


Course. j List. |N. Lat. 

N. 45° 10' W.| 149.5 1 105.40 
N. 75° E. I 458.0 | 118.55 
S. 15° E. | 150.00|. 


S. Lat.|E. D’pi W. LVp 

106.02 

442.39 . 

144.881 38.82 . 


Station. 

4-17560—No. 8. 
No. 8—No. 9. . . 
No. 9 —t3-17560.. 


223.95 

144.88 


144.881 481.21 
I 106.02 


log 79.07 
log 375.19 


= 1.898012 
= 2.574251 


79.07 
log 375.19 


375.19 


106.02 


= 2.574251 


log cot 78° 06' = 9.323761 


log sin 78° 06' = 9.990565 
log 383.43 = 2.583686 


S 78° 6' W 383.43 : 

78° 6' 

300. = 61.86 

83. = 17.11 

.43 = .08 


course 


293.55 

81.21 

.42 


79.05 


375.18 


For the trangle A B t 


A = 75° 00' 
34° 08' 


B = 180° 00' 
78° 06' 


t = 78° 06' 
75° 00' 


A — 40° 52' 
B = 136° 02' 
t = 3° 06' 


40° 52' 


101° 54' 
34° 8' 


3° 06' 


180° 00' 


136° 02' 




























MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 107 


sin 

40° 52' : 383.43 = 

: sin 136 

O 

O 

to 

•O 



sin 

40° 52' : 383.43 = 

: sin 3 

0 06' : ? 



log 

383.43 = 

2.583686 

log 

383.43 

= 2.583686 

log 

sin 136° 02' = 

9.841509 

log sin 

CD 

O 

O 

CO 

= 8.733027 

colog sin 40° 52' = 

9 

0.184222 

colog sin 

ID 

O 

O 

= 0.184222 

log 

406.83 = 

2.609417 

log 

31.69 

= 1.500935 

1 

"or the triangle DAE: 




D = 

75° 00' 180° 

00 ' 

A = 75° 00' 


E= 34° 08' 


75° 45' 150° 

45' 

34° 08' 


75° 45' 


150° 45' 29° 

15' 

40° 52' 


109° 53' 


318.98 = E B 


D = 

29° 15' 



31.69 — B A 


A = 

cq 

LD 

0 

0 





K — 

109° 53' 



287.29 = E A 



— 






180° 00 ' 


sin 

29 9 15' : 287.29 = 

= sin 109 

0 53' : ? 



sin 

29° 15' : 287.29 = 

z sin 40° 

52' : ? 



log 

287.29 = 

2.458320 

log 

287.29 

= 2.458320 

log 

sin 109° 53' = 

9.973307 

log sin 

40° 52' 

= 9.815778 

colog sin 29° 15' ~ 

0.311028 

colog sin 

29° 15' 

= 0.311028 

log 

552.91 = 

2.742655 

log 

384.70 

= 2.585126 


In order to ascertain the intersection of line 6-1, Sur. 
No. 17560 and line 4-1, Sur. No. 17846, prolong line 6-1, 
Sur. No. 17560 with dotted lines until it touches line 2-3, 
Sur. No. 17846. Thus we have the triangle G D F, of which 
we have the side G D, as follows: 

500.00 = 5-6-17560 

384.70 — UK 


115.30 = G D 

G= 75°45' D= 75° 45' 180° 00' F= 75° 00' G= 39° 45' 

36° 00' 75° 00' 150° 45' 36° 00' D= 29° 15' 

___ _F=111°00' 

39°45' 150° 45' 29° 15' 111° 00' - 

180° 00' * 
















108 MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


sin 111° 

: 115.30 = sin 39° 45' 

: ? 

sin 111° 

: 115.30 = sin 29° 15' 

: ? 

log- 

115.30 = 2.061829 

log 115.30 = 

log sin 

39° 45' = 9.805799 

log sin 29° 15' = 

colog sin 111° = 0.029848 

colog sin 111° = 

log 

78.97 = 1.897476 

log 60.35 = 

In the right triangle J F H 

36°—15' = 21°, J H 

nat tan 

21° = 0.38386 

nat secant 21° = 


300 



115.158 


321.34 = 

J F 


60.35 = 

G F 



260.99 = J G = cor. No. 6-17560 to line 4-1-17846. 

In figuring the triangle A B t we find cor. No. 
to A = 1500 

406.84 = A t 


1093.17 = 2-17846—A 

From cor. No. 2-17846 to D we have: 

1093.17 = 2-17846-A 
552.91 = D A 


540.26 = 2.17846-D 

In the triangle G D F we find F D, and in the 
J H F we find H F: 

FD= 78.97 cor. No. 2-17846 to Dr 

HF= 115.15 HD: 


t 

2.061829 

9.688972 

0.029848 


1.780649 

: 300 ft., 

1.071145 

300 


321.3435 


2-17846 


triangle 


540.26 

194.12 


HD = 194.12 


cor No. 2-17846-H = 346.14 = 
cor. No. 1-17846 to line 6-1-17560. 












MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 100 

In the triangle J K L, line J K is drawn parallel to line 
1-2-17560. 


J= 75° 00' K 

II 

CO 

0 

o 

CO 


L= 36° 00' 

180° 

J= 40° 52' 

34° 08' 

36° 00' 


75° 00' 

111 0 

K= 70° 08' 
L= 69° 00' 

40° 52' 

. V 

CO 

1 o 

o 

o 

o 


111 ° 00' 

69° 



180° 00' 

sin 69° : 318.98 

= sin 40° 

52' 

; 9 



sin 69° : 318.98 

= sin 70° 

OO 

O 

: ? 



log 318.98 = 

2.503764 


log 

318.98 

= 2.503764 

log sin 40° 52' = 

9.815778 


log sin 

70° 08' 

= 9.973352 

colog sin 69° = 

0.029848 


colog sin 69° 

= 0.029848 

log 223.55 = 

2.349390 


log 

321.34 

= 2.506964 

1000.00 = 6-1-Sur. 

No. 17560 






260.99 = J G 

739.01 = 1-Sur. No. 17560 to 1-4-Sur. No. 17846. 

223.55 = K L 


962.56 = 2-Sur. No. 17560 to 1-4-Sur. No. 17846. 

346.14= 1-Sur. No. 17846 to line 6-1-Sur. No. 17560. 
321.34 = J L 


667.48 = 1-Sur. No. 17486 to line 2-3-Sur. No. 17560. 

1000 

962.56 


37.44 = 3-Sur. No. 17560 to line 4-1-Sur. No. 17846. 

Areas of Sur. No. 17560. 

We first figure the area of the trapezoid J L 3 6 and the 
parallelogram represented by cors. Nos. 3, 4, 5 ana t> ui 
Sur. No. 17560. 

260.99 = J 6 log 149.21= 2.173798 

37.44 = L 3 log 300= 2.477121 

- colog 43560 = —5.360912 

2)298.43 -- 


149.21 


log 1.027= 0.011831 



















110 MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 

500 

300 


150000 = 5.176091 

colog 43560 =—5.360912 


log 3.443= 0.537003 

Area for the triangle DAE 

log 552.91= 2.742655 

log 287.29= 2.458320 

log sin 40° 52'= 9.815778 

colog 87120 = —5.059882 

log 


1.027 
3.443 

4.470 
1.193 

3.277 = Total area in con¬ 
flict between Surs. Nos. 
17846 and 17560. 

To find the area in conflict between Sur. No. 16591 and 


1.193= 0.076635 


Sur. No. 

17560 

within Sur. No. 17846, 

we 

the triangle J 

e N. 



J= 75° 

180° 

e = 75° 00' 

N = 36° 

00 ' 

36° 

111 ° 

10° 15' 

10 ° 

15' 

111 ° 

69° 

64° 45' 

46° 

15' 

624.77=1- 

-Sur. 

No. 17846-2-3 

-16591. 


346.14=1- 

-Sur. 

No. 17846-6-1- 

17560. 


278.63 = J 

e 




sin 46° 15' : 2 

78.63 = sin 64° 

45' : ? 


log 

278. 

63 = 2.445028 

log 


log sin 

64° 45' = 9.956387 

log 

sin 

colog sin 

46° 15' = 0.141244 

log 



J= 69° 
e = 64° 45' 
N = 46° 15' 


180° 00' 


log 348.87 = 2.542659 

In the triangle G N M 


colog 

log 


278.63 = 2.445028 
69° = 9.970151 
348.87 = 2.542659 
87120 = 5.059882 


1.041 =0.017720 


348.87 = J N 
260.99 = J G 


G = 75° 45' 
36° 00' 


N = 36° 00' 
10° 15' 


M = 75° 45’ 
10° 15' 


39° 45' 


46° 15' 


87.88 = G N 


86 ° 00 ' 
















MINERAL LAND SURVEYING 


G = 39° 45' 
N — 46° 15' 
M = 94° 00' 


180° 00' 


111 


180° 

86 ° 


94° 


Area = 


Vz 


( 


(87.88)- X sin 39° 45'Xsin 46° 15' 


sin 94° 



log 87.88= 1.943890 

log to square = 1.943890 

log sin 39° 45'= 9.805799 

log sin 46° 15'= 9.858756 

colog sin 94°= 0.001059 

colog 87120=—5.059882 


log .0410 = —2.613276 


1.041 = area J e N. 
.041 = area G M N. 


1.000 = net area in conflict 
of Surs. Nos. 17560 and 
16591 within Sur. No. 
17846. 


We now figure the area in conflict of Sur. No. 17560 and 

Sur. No. 17541 within Sur. No. 17846 which is Q o p D G. 

By previous work we have found the total conflict of 

Sur. No. 17541 and Sur. No. 17846 to be .752 acres. We 

have also found the area of the quadrilateral j r h k to be 

.240 acres. We must now find the area of Q r M G. In 

order to figure the area of the triangle Q r N it is necessary 

to find the length of one side, which we will take r N. In 
* 

previous figuring the area of the triangle j r h was obtained 
and from the data used in that work we find the side r h 
as follows: 


j= 64° 00' 180° 00' r = 64° 00' 

66 ° 02' 130° 02' 10° 15' 


130° 02' 49° 58' 53° 45' 

sin 53° 45' : 125.07 = sin 49° 58' : ? 

log 125.07 = 2.097164 

log sin 49° 58' = 9.884042 
colog sin 53° 45'=0.093425 


h= 10° 15' 
66 ° 02 ' 


76° 17' 


j = 49° 58' 
r= 53° 45' 
h = 76° 17' 


log 118.75 = 2.074631 


180° 00' 















112 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 




In the small triangle F h N we must obtain the side 
h N. We have the side F h, as follows: 

483.29 = 2-Sur. No. 17846 to line 2-3, Sur. No. 16591. 

461.29 = 2-Sur. No. 17846 to F. 


22.00 — F h. 


F = 75° 
36° 

180° h = 75° 

111 ° 10 ° 

00 ' 

15' 

N = 

36° 00' 
10° 15' 

F= 69° 00’ 
h= 64° 45' 
N = 46° 15' 

111 0 

69° 64° 

45' 


46° 15' 

180° 00' 

Sin 46° 15 

' : 22.00 = Sin 

69° : 

9 



log 

log sin 
colog sin 

22.00 = 1.342423 
69° = 9.970152 
46° 15' = 0.141244 




Nh= 28.44 
h r= 118.75 

r N = 147.19 

log 

28.44 = 1.453819 




r= 64° 00' 
10° 15' 

N = 10° 15' 

36° 00' 

Q 

= 64° 
36° 

180° 

100 ° 

r = 53° 45' 
N = 46° 15' 
Q = 80° 00' 

180° 00' 

53° 45' 

46° 15' 


100 ° 

80° 


Area triangle Q r N = y 2 


( 


(147.19) 2 X sin 53° 45'Xsin 46° 15' 


sin 80° 00 ' 


log 147.19 = 2.167878 

log to square = 2.167878 

log sin 53° 45'= 9.906575 

log sin 46° 15'— 9.858756 

colog sin 80°=—0.006649 
colog 87120 =—5.059882 


log .1471 =—1.167618 

Subtracting from this the area of triangle G M N, found 
in previous work to be .0410 acre, we have: 

.1471 

.0410 


.1061 acres = Q r M G. 












MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


113 




In the small triangle h M D we have h D = 
540.26 = 2-17846 to D 
483.29 = 2-17846 to h 


56.97 = h D 


h = 75° 00' 
10° 15' 


64° 45' 
h= 64° 45' 
M = 86° 00' 
D = 29° 15' 


180° 00' 
Area= y 2 


M = 75° 45' 
10° 15' 


D = 75° 45' 
75° 00' 


86 ° 00 ' 


150° 45' 


( 


(56.97) 2 X sin 64° 45'X sin 29° 15' 


sin 86 ‘ 


) 


180° 00' 
150° 45' 


29° 15' 


log 56.97= 1.755646 

log to square = 1.755646 

sin 64° 45'= 9.956387 

sin 29° 15'= 9.688972 

colog sin 86°= 0.001059 

colog 87120=—5.059882 


log .0165 = —2.217592 


.752 = area j k o p 
.240 = area j r h k 

.512 = area r h o p 
.016 = area h M D 


.496 = area r o p DM 
.106 = area Q r M G 


.602 = area Q o p D G 


We therefore have found the total area in conflict of 
Sur. No. 17846 and Sur. No. 17560 to be 3.277 acres. 

The net area in conflict of Surs. Nos. 17560 and 16591 
within Sur. No. 17846 to be 1.000 acres. 

The total conflict of Surs. Nos. 17560 and 17541 within 
Sur. No. 17846 to be .602 acres, and the net conflict of Surs. 
Nos. 17560 and 17541, within Sur. No. 17846 (that is, ex¬ 
clusive of Q r M G, .106 acres) to be .496 acres. 

Therefore, the net conflict of Surs. Nos. 17560 and 
17846 is: 


1.000 acres = J e M G 3.277 acres 

.496 acres = r o p D M 1.496 acres 


1.496 acres 


1.781 acres, net conflict. 






















The result may be checked by double meridian distances as follows: 


114 


MINERAL. LAND SURVEYING. 


CO 

t- 

to 

• CD 

• to 

o 

co 

rt 


c> 

• O 

o 

o 

rH 

<D 

<!D 

to 

; o 

I ^ 

H 


Ih 

CD 

rt« 

rH 

. cm 


00 

<3 


OO 


. o 

CD 

oo 



o 

! t- . 

. o 

05 

oo 

C /3 



. 

• CO 

to 

C 5 

rH 


CO 

v 

— 

< 

£ 


^5 

0 ) 

3 

p 

o 

Q 


U) 

t) 


a 

o» 

Q 













cr 












CO 



00 


CO 

O 



** 

CO 

rH 




o 


to 

05 



LO 

H 

H 4 

t— 



H 4 


CD 

t — 4 



CM 

IH 

to 

tH 



rH 


CO 

to 



O 

OO 

rH 

to 



OO 


lO 

CD 



o 

oo 

rH 

to 



H 4 


t- 

rH 



Tt 4 

OO 

to 

Ch 



O 


co 

rH 



LO 

05 

to 




rH 


CM 




CO 

rH 

rH 





* 



















CM 


00 

Cl 

CD 

t- 4 - 

rH 

r>» 

CM 

rH 





t-- 

CD 

CO 

N 

CD 

H 4 

CM 

CD 






OO 

cm 


co 

H 4 

H 

-t 4 





rH 

o 

H 4 

CO 

CO 

lO 

05 

OO 







00 

o 

rH 

O 

05 

•*r 








*H 

rH 

rH 








OO CD 00 CO 
t— O CD CM 

^ m o ^ 
rH l'» CD CO 
CO r-« 


tO 

oo 

lO 


05 05 
"tf 4 t- 
<M OO 
CD O 
05 05 
OO CO 
00 CD 

to 


t> o 

LO CD 

to to 

t— co 

ti) tO 
C O 


to 

o 




co C/3 

0) 

*o 

S3 


cl 

J 


Q) 

a 

■c 

co 

5 





• 

05 

to 

o 

rH 

LO 





OO 

Cl 

© 

CD 

u- 



. 

. 


r-4 

CM 

'f # 4 

to 





CO 

't 4 

CM 

OO 

CO 








H 4 

to 

CO 

fD 


t'- 


. 

05 

t>- 

CM 

CM 

05 

* 

-H 

. 


C] 

© 

o 

to 

05 


o 



© 

05 

to 

CM 

05 


CD 

• 

• 

CO 

CM 

H 4 





• 

• 


rH 

CO 


V 








. 

. 

CO 

, 

H 4 

to 



CM 



-H 

, 

to 

o 



o 

. 

. 


. 

05 

rH 



to 

• 

• 

Cl 

• 

O 

rH 



Tt 4 


V 

?H 


CM 




CO 

05 

CM 

H* 

CO 

'ft 4 

rH 

H 4 

o 


CD 

CM 

H 4 

CO 

05 

t- 

Tf* 

© 


—- 

CD 

CO 

05 

CM 

CM 


© 


CO 

<*o 

CO 

H 4 

rH 

HJ 4 

CO 

o 



CO 

rH 

H 

CM 



to 



<D 

CO 

S3* 

O 


^ ■*** *** V K « % 

lO O O tO 
o o 


oo o 

o o 


o o 
O o 


-I* lO ^ ’f 
CO t— CM CD 

C/3 C/3 £ 73 


O tO CD lO 
1 —< t"» CO c— 

£ £ CO w 


c 

o 


rt 

w 

73 


< 

22 


j m m 

i j to 


1 . 780 = 1.2505370 

































MINERAL. LAND SURVEYING. 115 


The area statement for Sur. No. 17846 would be as fol¬ 
lows: 


Total area Sur. No. 17846.10.330 

Area in conflict with 

Sur. No. 1462 122 

Sur. No. 12716 .272 

Sur. No. 16591 2.284 

Sur. No. 17541 752 

Sur. No. 17541 (exclusive of its conflict with 

Sur. No. 16591) .513 

Sur. No. 17560 ..’. 3.277 

Sur. No. 17560 (exclusive of its conflict with 

Sur. No. 16591) . 2.277 

Sur. No. 17560 (exclusive of its conflict with 

Sur. No. 17541) .'. 2.675 

Sur. No. 17560 (exclusive of its conflict with 

Surs. Nos. 16591 and 17541). 1.781 

Total area Sur. No. 17846.10.330 

Less area in conflict with 

Sur. No. 1462 .122 acres 

Sur. No. 12716 .272 

Sur. No. 16591 .*.2.284 

Sur. No. 17541 .513 

Sur. No. 17560 .1.781 ” = 4.972 


acres 


Net area lode claim 


5.358 acres 


In case of an irregular mill site or placer the calcula¬ 
tions of the area by double meridian distances must be 
handed in with the field notes. The calculations have been 
taken up under mill sites and placers. 

It is well to be systematic in making and filing the above 
calculations. Many prefer books of uniform size, but here 
it is very difficult for more than one person to wonc on tfie 
same case at the same time and keep the calculations to¬ 
gether in the same book. It is also difficult to copy from 
one page to another as is often necessary. The writer pre¬ 
fers to use traverse blanks printed and blocked. On these 
the traverse is first worked ,and the triangles and areas 
figured underneath on the same sheet. These sheets are 
then filed in Congress manila envelopes in document files. 






















116 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


In this way any number of people may work on the same 
ease without getting into each other’s way. The papers of 
each survey are kept together in order, and all useless 
figuring and any calculations found to be in error are de¬ 
stroyed and do not encumber the record. 

Miscellaneous on Patents. 

Various points may arise in figuring or writing up the 
notes that need attention. For example, it frequently hap¬ 
pens that by excluding areas in the usual way a discovery 
shaft is excluded. To avoid this, a tract is made around 
tfie discovery shaft, and one corner of the tract is tied to 
a corner of the claim, and the tract described by metes and 
bounds. In Fig. 33, if either A or B excludes the other then 



they respectively exclude their discovery shafts. To avoid 
(his the conflict is described as follows: 


INFORMATION FROM MINING SCIENCE. 117 


Total area A lode.5.165 acres 

Area in conflict with— 

Tract C (hereinafter described).310 

B lode of this survey .840 ” 

B lode of this survey (exclusive of its conflict 

with tract C) .530 " 

Total area A lode . 5.165 ” 

Less area in conflict with tract C..310 


Net area A lode .4.855 acres 


This tracting of the discovery is useful sometimes in 
conflict with a location survey. If A above is a location sur¬ 
vey, a small tract, just large enough, may be made round 
the discovery shaft of B and not excluded with the re¬ 
mainder of the conflict of A with B. This small reserva¬ 
tion, which may not be over ten feet square is usually not 
objected to by the owner of the location, and might even 
be deeded back to him after the patent is issued. 

During- the period that conflicts were figured in the de¬ 
scriptive positions by their section ties, as stated before, 
tracts were frequently employed to exclude the conflicting 
claim or claims in their true positions. Thus, when figuring 
the position from the section ties showed no conflict, but 
the corners on the ground clearly showed a conflict, this 
was excluded as a tract. Tracts are frequently employed 
to exclude any desired area other than that embraced in an 
officially surveyed claim. 

In case the discovery is unavoidably excluded the claim 
may still be patented according to the present rulings of 
the general land office by producing proofs that there is a 
valid discovery of mineral at some other point on the center 
line not excluded. 

Here it may be observed that for about five years be¬ 
tween June, 1899, and August, 1904, the general land office 
required all claims to be figured according to their patented 
positions, as we have figured Sur. No. 1462, regardless of 
the existence or position of the monuments on the ground. 












118 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


As the section ties of many claims varied from a few feet 
to many thousand feet from the correct distance, the official 
plats issued during the period mentioned above, often give 
a very erroneous idea of the conditions actually existing on 
the ground. The surveyor dealing with claims surveyed 
within the time mentioned must bear clearly in mind the 
conditions under which the surveys were made. 

In case errors are found in the surveying and descrip¬ 
tion of conflicts, the conflicting claim must be platted and 
figured as actually found on the ground, and a note added 
to the field notes filed with the surveyor general’s office 
about as follows: 

I find the following errors in the lines of former ap¬ 
proved surveys: 

Sur. No. 16162, Alice Lode: 

Line 1-2, S16° 10' W 147.8 ft. instead of S16° 50'W 150 ft., 
as approved. 

Line 2-3, S73° 50' W 1406 ft. instead of S73° 10' W 1500 
ft., as approved, etc. 

The mineral surveyor who made the conflicting survey 
which is found to be in error then files amended notes 
covering the errors in question. In case he does not admit 
that there is an error, a joint survey is called for at the ex¬ 
pense of the one who is found to be wrong. 

Mineral surveyors, however, rarely require an official 
joint survey to settle their differences, and disagreements 
are, as a rule, arranged privately and the reports made in 
accordance with the facts. Here it must be remembered 
that an error of one in two thousand, or about two minutes 
in course is allowed by the surveyor general. Thus it is 
evident that two surveyors may differ from each other one 
in one thousand, or three minutes in course, and yet each be 
within the limit of allowable error. 

All the intersections and areas having been figured for 

the claim, a plat is made on tracing cloth, the dull side, and 
the notes are written up as in the example of field notes 
given later. 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


119 


In case the claim has been narrowed on one side and 
the vein, and therefore the discovery, is not in the center of 
the claim, a tie must be given to it from some corner of 
the survey. 

Claims are frequently cut short when, on account of con¬ 
flicts, no acreage is obtained by patenting the full length. 
This .of course often reduces the amount of figuring neces¬ 
sary, but it is sometimes objected to by the claimant, as he 
frequently thinks it desirable to be able to state that he has 
a claim 1500 feet long, even if it gives him no more acreage 
than if the claim were only 800 feet in length and on clear 
ground. It must here be remembered that during many 
years the general land office required all claims either to 
cross a conflicting claim completely with the center line, 
or else cut off the claim at the point where the center line 
intersected the boundary lines of the conflicting claim. In 
fact, for a brief period no crossings at all were allowed by 
the general land office. 

In case the claim has been cut off for any reason, a tie 
must be given in every case from the corner set to the 
original corner of the location. 

It is sometimes advisable in very complicated cases to 
write up the notes in advance of the actual figuring, leaving 
blank spaces, which are filled systematically as the calcula¬ 
tions proceed. In this way repetitions and omissions are 
avoided. 

In the matter of improvements, the so-called “$500 
worth of work,” the land office is 'constantly changing its 
opinioy. For many years $500 worth of work sufficed for a 
whole group of locations, no matter how many, provided 
that the work was done for their common benefit. This 
was in accordance with a decision of the Supreme Court of 
the United States, which regarded a group of locations as 
one claim. At present $500 worth of work is required for 
each claim, though it need not necessarily be on each 


120 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 

• 

claim. A tunnel can thus be used to patent a whole group, 
provided there is $500 worth of work which can be shown to 
be for the benefit of each location, or a total of as many 
dollars as there are locations in the group multiplied by 
$500. In case this mutual benefit cannot be shown for cer¬ 
tain locations, other work must be in evidence. It cannot 
be too strongly stated that the utmost care must be taken 
by the mineral surveyor in preparing his mutual benefit 
statement to bring out strongly the fact of the mutual ben¬ 
efit of the improvements in the event that there is not act¬ 
ually $500 worth of work on each claim. Neglect of this 
has caused a great deal of trouble in the subsequent deal¬ 
ings with the general land office. When the claim being 
patented is contiguous to a patented claim belonging to the 
same claimant, work done on the patented claim may apply 
towards the $500 worth of improvements, provided the work 
has never been used in patenting any other claim, and also 
provided that it can be shown to be of benefit for the claim 
in question, and both these facts must be stated in the field 
notes. This- can be done only when the claims are con- 

' r 

tiguous, and under the same ownership or, when not con¬ 
tiguous, in the case cf a tunnel, when the work is actually 
under the claims being patented. 

All of the improvements need not be used in patenting 
if there is a possibility of their being used later on for' 
other claims as five hundred dollars’ expenditure. Where 
there is a chance of this in the future it is well to claim 
only enough improvements necessary to patent the claim 
in question. But it must be remembered that all improve¬ 
ments must be subsequent to the date of location of the 
claims which are thus benefited. (See 39 of the manual.) 

At the time the survey is approved the required $500 
for each location may not have been completed, or it may 
happen that more improvements are required at a later 
date by the General Land Office. In this case, the surveyor 
makes a supplementary affidavit of labor. This is made on 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


121 


a form furnished by the Surveyor General’s Office, and the 
surveyor repeats or revises all the data given in the ap¬ 
proved field notes, and then adds the description of the 
new work. He also states, as is required, that the work 
was completed before the period of advertising- expired. For 
this affidavit the surveyor general requires an additional 
fee. 

Should it be desired to take the whole or any portion 
of a piece of ground that has been surveyed and advertised 
for patent, though no patent has actually issued, it is usu¬ 
ally necessary to have the application for this claim can¬ 
celled before the ground or any portion of it can be included 
in a later application. 

The surveyor must be careful in the case of mill sites 
to see that it is clearly shown that they are used for min¬ 
ing purposes and not just to take up land or water. They 
may legitimately contain mills and reduction works, dumps,, 
necessary roads, cabins, storehouses, etc., actually used in 
connection with mining operations, and the fact must in 
each case be clearly shown. 

Mill sites will not be allowed at the present writing to 
touch the side line of any location in the same group in 
which they are being patented, nor can they be placed on 
the end of any claim. A slight space between in each of 
the above cases will probably avoid difficulty. 

Adverses and Protests. 

In surveys for adverse the claim adversing is tied to 
the official survey adversed exactly as described in pre¬ 
vious sections, and the area in conflict figured in the same 
way. Improvements should be also noted as in patent 
surveys. The net area in conflict is then described by 
metes and bounds and this description had best be trav¬ 
ersed carefully to make sure of a closure. An adverse plat 
is finally prepared, usually on a scale of 200 feet to the 
inch, on tracing cloth and the area in conflict colored. The 
mineral surveyor signs a statement as follows: 



122 


MINERAL. LAND SURVEYING. 


I hereby certify that the above diagram correctly rep¬ 
resents the conflict claimed to exist between the Little 
Annie lode and the Belle lode as actually surveyed by me. 
And I further certify that the value of the labor and im¬ 
provements on the Little Annie lode made by the adverse 
claimant (and his grantors) is not less than one hundred 
dollars. JOHN SMITH, 

United States Mineral Surveyor. 

When time is lacking to figure the conflict completely, 
the adverse plat with simply the ties and boundaries of 
the conflicting claims, and the improvements of the claim'* 
adversing may be filed and the complete description sent 
in later. In case it is imposible to make the adverse sur¬ 
vey, as, for example, on account of deep snow, the best 
statement possible of the facts should be made at once and 
a proper survey made later. The attorney for the claim¬ 
ant prepares all the papers in an adverse suit, as well as in 
a protest suit, which latter, from the standpoint of the 
surveyor is practically the same as an adverse suit, and 
the surveyor simply supplies him with the plat and the 
description of the conflict. 

The mineral surveyor who is surveying claims for pat¬ 
ent should avoid all possible cause for adverse or protest 
proceedings by leaving out all ground clearly belonging 
to others. In spite of his best efforts his claims will occa- 
sionally be .adversed and his advice may be called for in 
connection with the settlement of the case, or he may be 
cited as a witness. Should the case be fought to a finish 
in the courts, he has no influence. In case of a compro¬ 
mise, by which the claimant patenting loses the area in 
conflict or any portion of it, the simplest solution is usually 
to deed this area to the contestant after the receiver’s re¬ 
ceipt is issued. In case the area is simply left out in the 
final application to purchase, the land office will call for an 
amended plat at some later date, with attendant delay and 
expense. The amended plat will be called for in any case 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


123 


where any area is excluded in the final application to pur¬ 
chase, and which is not shown in the field notes approved 
by the Surveyor General. While this is all part of the 
attorn'ey’s work, and has really nothing to do with the 
actual surveying, it is well for the surveyor to keep in 
mind the probable subsequent actions of the General Land 
Office in order to provide for the best interests of his 
clients. 






CHAPTER VI. 


The following- field notes and forms, with the exception of 
the two forms for Colorado, are taken from the new “Man¬ 
ual of Instructions for the Survey of the Mineral Lands of 
the United States.”—1909. See Plate III. 


SPECIMEN FIELD NOTES AND FORMS. 

(4—689.) 

Application to United States Surveyor General for Survey 

of Mining Claims. 

‘ .. 19... 

United States Surveyor General, 


Sir: .. claimant.., hereby make., applica¬ 

tion for an official survey, under the provisions of chapter 
6, title 32, of the Revised Statutes of the United States, 
and regulations and instructions thereunder, of the mining 

claim known as the .. situate in . mining 

district, . county, .. in section .town¬ 
ship No.. range No. Said claim is based 

upon a valid location made on ., 19..., and duly 

recorded on . 19..., and is fully described in the 

duly certified copy of the record of the location certificate, 
filed herewith. Said certificate contains the name of the 
locator, the date of location, and such a definite description 
of the claim by reference to natural objects or permanent 
monuments as will identify the claim, and said location has 
been distinctly marked by monuments on the ground, so that 
its boundaries can be readily traced. 

. request that you will send . an estimate of 




















MINERAL. LAND SURVEYING. 


125 


the amount required to defray the expenses of platting and 
other work in your office, required under the regulations, 

that . may make proper deposit therefor, and that 

thereupon you will cause the survey to be made by. 

United States mineral surveyor, and proper action to be 
taken thereon by your office, as required by the United 
States mining laws and regulations thereunder. 


P. O. Address, 


Claimant. 


(4—682.) 

Order for Mineral Survey. 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, 
Office of the Surveyor General, 


To 



U. S. Mineral Surveyor, 


Sir: Application has been filed in this office by . 

dated .. 19..., for an official survey of the mining 

claim of., known as the.. situate in . 

mining district, . county, in section ., town¬ 
ship No.. range No.. which claim is based upon 

a location made on ..»., 19..., and duly recorded on 

.. 19..., and is fully described in the duly certified 

copy of the record of the location certificate, filed by the 
applicant. . for said survey, a copy of which is herewith 
inclosed. You are hereby directed to make the survey of 
! said claim in strict conformity with existing laws, official 
regulations, and instructions thereunder, and to make 
proper return to this office. Said survey will be designated 

as survey No. . ... 

Very respectfully, 


U. S. Surveyor General for 





























126 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


N otice.* 

Applicants are requested to mention in one application 
the name or names' of the locations constituting the entire 
claim of which they desire an official survey, and are ad¬ 
vised that several locations can be embraced in a single 
survey only when the same are contiguous—i. e., such as 
conflict or adjoin. Therefore, to obviate confusion and de¬ 
lay, strictly observe the foregoing in filing applications for 
orders for surveys. 


... 19... 

To the U. S. Surveyor General, 

District of Colorado, Denver. 

Sir: 

You are requested to issue an order for an official sur¬ 
vey of the mining claim of . upon the 

.. located in . 

Mining District, . County, . Land 

District, Colorado. 

I herewith transmit CERTIFIED cop... of the Location 
Certificate of said claim, and have deposited for office fees 

on same, $. to the credit of the Treasurer of 

the United States at the . National Bank (U. S. 

Depository), with request that duplicate certificate be for¬ 


warded to you. 

Send order to .U. S. Min. 

Sur., at ., Colorado. 


Yours respectfully, 


P. O. Address, 


By 


Claimant. 


Attorney. 


* This form is used for Colorado. 
















To 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 127 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,* 

Office of U. S. Surveyor General, 

Denver, Colo., . 19... 


U. S. Mineral Surveyor, District of Colorado. 


Sir:’ 

You are hereby directed to survey the claim of . 

upon the ., in . Mining District, . 

County, Colorado. This survey will be designated “Survey 

No.. . Land District,” and must be made 

in strict conformity v ith the . 


U. S. Surveyor General for Colorado. 


* This form is used for Colorado. 


(Specimen Field Notes.) 
(4—683.) 


Mineral Survey No. 20,000, A and B. 
Lot No. 


Montrose Land District. 


FIELD NOTES 

of the survey of the mining claim of 

The Noonday Tunnel Gold Mining and Milling Company, 

known as the 

t 

Matchless, Mascot, Noonday, Bryan and Little Olive Lodes, 
and Bryan Mill Site, Gold Brick Mining District, Gunnison 
County, Colorado, Sections 12 and 13, Township 50 N., 
Range 3 E. of N. M. P. M. 

Surveyed under instructions dated Dec. 1, 1906. 

By O. M. THAYER, 

U. S. Mineral Surveyor. 


















128 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


Claim located . 19... 

Survey commenced May 6, 1907. 

Survey completed May 11, 1907. 

Address of claimant: 

E. J. BROWN, Secretary, Pueblo, Colorado. 
Dates of Amended Locations. 
Matchless, Noonday, Bryan, and Little Olive 
May 7, 1906. 

Mascot Lode, June 4, 1906. 

Bryan Mill Site, May 7, 1906. 


I 



Lodes, 








MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


129 


Feet. 


250.7 

535.68 

1,006.10 

1,016 

10.32 

250.7 


239.96 

1,016 


Survey No. 20,000 A and B. 

Matchless Lode. 

Beginning at Cor. No. 1. 

On line 2-3, Mascot Lode, of this survey. 

A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. in 
1 the ground, with mound of stone, scribed MAT. 

1- 20000 A, whence 

The N. E. Cor., T. 50 N., R. 3 E., of N. M. P. M„ 
| bears N. 18° 53' 20" E., 9,175.32 ft. 

Thence N. 51° 45' W. 

I To Cor. No. 2. 

A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. in 
the ground, with mound of stone, scribed MAT. 

2- 20000 A. 

Thence S. 25° 06' W. 

Intersect line 4-1, Noonday Lode, of this survey. 
Intersect line 2-3, Noonday Lode, of this survey. 

To Cor. No. 3. 

A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. in 
the ground, with mound of stone, scribed MAT. 

3- 20000 A. 

Thence S. 51° 45' E. 

Intersect line 2-3, Noonday Lode, of this survey. 
To Cor. No. 4. 

On line 2-3, Mascot Lode, of this survey. 

A pine post, 4 ft. long, Sins, square, set 2 ft. in 
the ground, with mound of stone, scribed MAT. 

4- 20000 A, whence 

Cor. No. 4, Noonday Lode, of this survey, bears 
S. 47° 38' E. 276.96 ft. 

Intersect line 4-1, Noonday Lode, of this survey. 
To Cor. No. 1, the place of beginning. 

Mascot Lode. 

Beginning at Cor. No. 1. 

A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. in 
the ground with mound of stone, scribed MAS. 
1-20000 A, whence 



) 






130 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


Feet. 


123.90 

207.88 

300 

238.77 

1,014.81 

1,254.77 

1,374 

229.72 

292.39 

300 


Survey No. 20,000 A and B Continued. 
Mascot Lode Continued. 


The N. E. Cor., T. 50 N., R. 3 E., of N. M. P. M., 
bears N. 16° 49' 20" E. 8,976.06 ft. 

Cor. No. 3, Sur. No. 12479, A. Am. Queen No. 2 
lode, The Cortland Gold and Silver Mining Com¬ 
pany claimant, bears S. 39° 49' 30" W. 406.88 ft. 

Cor. No. 3, Sur. No. 17854, Grant lode, The Cort¬ 
land Gold and Silver Mining Company claimant, 
bears S. 40 p 28' W. 562.25 ft. 

Cor. No. 1, Sur. No. 17854, Brown lode, bears 
S. 6° 44' W. 490 ft. 

Thence N. 64° 54' W. 

Intersect line 3-4, Sur. No. 17854, Grant lode, at 
N. 27° 45' E. 542.73 ft. from Cor. No. 3. 

Intersect line 3-4, Sur. No. 12479, A. Am. Queen 
No. 2 lode, at N. 10° 14' E. 407.15 ft. from Cor. 
No. 3. 

t 

| To Cor No. 2. 

A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. 
in the ground, with mound of stone, scribed MAS. 

2- 20000 A. 

Thence S. 25° 06' W. 

Cor No. 1, Matchless lode, of this survey. 
Intersect line 4-1, Noonday lode, of this survey. 
Cor No. 4, Matchless lode, of this survey. 

* 

To Cor. No. 3. 

A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. 
in the ground, with mound of stone scribed MAS.' 

3- 20000 A. 

Thence S. 64° 54' E. 

Intersect line 3-4, and 1-2, Noonday and Bryan 
lodes, of this survey, respectively. 

Intersect line 4-1. Bryan lode, of this survey. 

To Cor. No. 4. 

A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. 
in the ground, with mound of stone, scribed MAS. 

4- 20000 A, whence 

Cor. Nos. 4-1, Noonday and Bryan lodes, of this 
survey, respectively, bears N. 18° 43' W. 51.3 ft. 
Thence N. 25° 06' E. 









MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


131 


Feet. 

Survey No. 20,000 A and B Continued. 

Mascot Lode Continued. 

324.7 

Intersect line 4-5, Sur. No. 17854, Brown lode, 
at S. 17° 27' W. 11.34 ft. from Cor. No. 5 

869.74 

Intersect line 6-1, Sur. No. 17854, Brown lode, 
at S. 79° 10' E. 140.70 ft. from Cor. No. 6, also 

Intersect line 2-3, Sur No. 17854, Grant lode, at 
S. 79° 10' E. 153.73 ft. from Cor. No. 3. 

1,006.78 

Intersect line 2-3, Sur. No. 12479, A. Am. Queen 
No. 2 lode, at S. 79° 10' E. 106.71 ft. from Cor No. 3. 

1,374 

To Cor No. 1, the place of beginning. 

29.99 

Noonday Lode. 

Beginning at Cor. No. 1. 

A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. 
in the ground, with mound of stone, scribed N. 
1-20000 A, whence 

The N. E. Cor., T. 50 N., R. 3 E., of N. M. P. M., 
bears N. 22° 42' 10" E. 9,163.46 ft. 

Cor. No. 1, Little Olive lode, of this survey, 
bears N. 2° 32' 30" E. 323.3 ft. 

Thence S. 68° 18' W. 

Intersect line 4-1, Little Olive lode, of this sur¬ 
vey. 

301 

To Cor. No. 2. 

A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 in. square, set 2 ft. 
in the ground, with mound of stone, scribed N. 
2-20000 A. 

Thence S. 14° 17' E. 

647.84 

Intersect line 4-1, Little Olive lode, of this sur- 

900.16 

vey. 

Intersect line 2-3, Matchless lode, of this sur- 

916 

vey. 

Intersect line 3-4, Matchless lode, of this sur¬ 
vey. 

1,377 

To Cor. No. 3. 

A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. 
in the ground, with mound of stone, scribed N. 
3-20000 A. 

Thence N. 68° 18' E. 

250.22 

Intersect line 3-4, Mascot lode, of this survey. 










132 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


Feet. 

301 

416.84 

801.58 

1,377 


50.78 

301 

694 

704.78 

834 

867.73 

868.34 

i 

! 

875 


Survey No. 20,000 A and B Continued. 
Noonday Lode Continued. 


To Cor. No. 4. 

A pine post, 4 ft. long-, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. 
in the ground, with mound of stone, scribed N. 
4-20000 A. 

Thence N. 14° 17' W. 

Intersect lines 2-3 and 4-1, Mascot and Match¬ 
less lodes, of this survey, respectively. 

Intersect line 2-3, Matchless lode, of this sur¬ 
vey. 

To Cor. No. 1, the place of beginning. 

Bryan Lode. 

Beginning at Cor. No. 1. 

Identical with Cor. No. 4, Noonday lode, of this 
survey, whence 

The N. E. Cor. T. 50 N., R. 3 E., of N. M. P. M., 
bears N. 18° 05' 10" E. 10,296.64 ft. 

Cor. No. 4, Sur. No. 17854, Shields lode, bears 
S. 12° 06' W. 845.0 ft. 

Cor. No. 4, Sur. No. 17854, Brown lode, bears 
S. 11° 24' W. 695.2 ft. 

Cor. No. 3, Sur. No. 12479, B. Am. The Cortland 
Mill Site bears S. 8° 55' E. 641.1 ft. 

Thence S. 68° 18' W. 

Intersect line 3-4, Mascot lode, of this survey. 

To Cor. No. 2. 

Identical with Cor. No. 3, Noonday lode, of this, 
survey. 

Thence S. 11° 55' E. 

Intersect S. boundary, Sec. 12, at E. 1,950 ft. 
from S. W. Cor. said Section. 

Intersect line 4-1, Sur. No. 17854, Shields locie, 
at N. 59° 28' E. 49.88 ft. from Cor. No. 4. 

Wagon road, course Northeast and Southwest. 
Intersect line 3-4, Penguin lode, unsurveyed, J. 
M. Flick, claimant, at S. 44° 07' W. 18.79 ft. from 
Cor. No. 4. 

Intersect line 2-3, Sur. No. 17854, Shields lode, 
at N. 59° 28' E. 63.51 ft. from Cor. No. 3. 

Creek, 1 ft. wide, flows Southwest. 












MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


133 


Feet. 

Survey No. 20,000 A and B Continued. 

Bryan Lode Continued. 

1,229.66 i 

Intersect line 1 - 2 , Penguin lode, unsurveyed, at 
S. 44° 07' W. 138.82 ft. from Cor. No. 1 . 

1,493.52 

To Cor. No. 3. 

A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. in 
the ground, with mound of stone, scribed B. 
3-20000 A. 

Thence N. 68 ° 18' E. 

301 

• 

To Cor. No. 4. 

A pine stump, about 4 ft. high, hewed to 5 ins. 
square, scribed B. 4-20000 A, whence" 

Cor. No. 1, Penguin lode, unsurveyed, bears N. 
43° 55' W. 342.29 ft. 

357.41 

Cor. No. 3, Pelican lode, unsurveyed, J. M. Flick, 
claimant, bears N. 43° 42' 20" W. 347.7 ft. 

Thence N. 11° 55' W. 

Intersect line 2-3, Pelican lode, unsurveyed, at 
N. 59° 28' E. 193.28 ft. from Cor. No. 3. 

673.97 

Intersect line 4-1, Pelican lode, unsurveyed, at 
N. 59° 28' E. 294.70 ft. from Cor. No. 4, also 

688 

Intersect line 2-3, Sur. No. 17854. Shields lode, 
at N. 59° 28' E. 376.52 ft. from Cor. No. 3. 

Intersect S. boundary of Sec. 12 at W. 390 ft. 

739.72 

from S. % Cor. said Section. 

Intersect line 3-4, Sur. No. 17854, Brown lode, 
at S. 79° 10' E. 298.38 ft. from Cor. No. 4. 

812.48 

Intersect line 2-3, Sur. No. 12479 B. Am. The 
Cortland Mill Site at S. 51° 20' E. 52.84 ft. from 

837.53 

Cor. No. 3. 

Intersect line 4-1, Sur. No. 17854, Shields lode, 
at N. 59° 28' E. 362.90 ft. from Cor. No. 4. 

938.05 

Intersect line 3-4, Sur. No. 12479, B. Am., The 
Cortland Mill Site, at N. 9° 41' E. 91.14 ft. from 

970 

1,018 

1,344.11 

Cor. No. 3. 

Creek 1 ft. wide, flows Southwest. 

Wagon road, course Northeast and Southwest. 
Intersect line 4-5, Sur. No. 17854, Brown lode, 

1,447.16 

1,493.52 

at N. 17° 27' E. 561.11 ft. from Cor. No. 4. 

Intersect line 3-4, Mascot lode, of this survey. 
To Cor. No. 1, the place of beginning. 













ir»4 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


Feet. 

Survey No. 20,000 A and B Continued. 

243.04 

Little Olive Lode. 

Beginning at Cor. No. 1. 

A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. in 
the ground, with mound of stone, scribed L. O., 
1-20000 A, whence 

The N. E. Cor. T. 50 N., R. 3 E., of N. M. P. M., 
bears N. 23° 25' 20" E. 8,860.6 ft. 

Thence N. 77° W. 

Intersect line 4-5, Sur. No. 7153, Little Dora 
lode, claimant unknown, at N. 50° E., 40.38 ft. from 
Cor. No. 4. 

290.85 

Intersect line 3-4, Sur. No. 7153, Little Dora 
lode, at N. 23° 05' W. 39.91 ft. from Cor. No. 4. 

291.72 

To Cor. No. 2. 

A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. 
in the ground, with mound of stone, scribed L. O., 
2-20000 A, whence 

Cor. No. 4, Sur. No. 7153, Little Dora lode, bears 
S. 24° 05' E. 40.43 ft. 

Thence S. 6° 28' W. 

1,503. 

To Cor. No. 3. 

A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. in 
the ground, with mound of stone, scribed L. O., 
3-20000 A. 

Thence S. 77° E. 

272.4 

To Cor. No. 4. 

A pine post, 4 ft. long, 5 ins. square, set 2 ft. in 
the ground, with mound of stone, scribed L. O., 
4-20000 A. 

Thence N. 7° 12' E. 

430.39 

1,164.20 

1,500.92 

Intersect line 2-3, Noonday lode, of this survey. 
Intersect line 1-2, Noonday lode, of this survey. 
To Cor. No. 1, the place of beginning. 

Variation at all corners 14° 10' E. 

Lode Lines. 

As near as can be determined from present de¬ 
velopments the veins of the several locations em¬ 
braced in this claim extend as follows from their 








MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 135 

Feet. 

Survey No. 20,000 A and B Continued. 

435.6 

; respective discovery points: 

Matchless lode, 458 ft. N. 25° 06' E., and 558 ft. 
S. 25° 06' W. 

Mascot lode, 610 ft. N. 25° 06' E. and 764 ft. S. 
25° 06' W. 

Noonday lode, 675 ft. N. 14° 17' W. and 702 ft. 
S. 14° 17' E. 

Bryan lode, 347 ft. N. 11° 55' W. and 1,146.52 ft. 
S. 11° 55' E. 

Little Olive lode, 510 ft. N. 7° 33' E. and 990 ft. 
S. 7° 33' W. 

Bryan Mill Site Sur. No. 20000 B. 

Beginning- at Cor. No. 1, identical with a corner of 
the location. 

A pine post, 4 ft. long, 4 ins. square, set 18 ins. 
in the ground, in mound of stone, scribed B. M. S. 

1- 20000 B. 

Cor. No. 1 of Bryan lode claim bears N. 87° 15' 
E. 600 ft. 

The N. E. Cor. of T. 50 N., R. 3 E., bears N. 
21°' 15' E. 10,515.05 ft. 

No bearing objects available. 

Thence N. 85° W. 

To Cor. No. 2, identical with Cor. of location. 

A pine post, 4 ins. square, set 18 ins. in the 
ground in mound of stone, scribed B. M. S.. 

2- 20000 B. 

. Thence S. 5° W. 

500 

To Cor. No. 3, identical with Cor. of location. 

A pine post, 4 ins. square, set 18 ins. in the 
ground in mound of stone, scribed B. M. S., 
3-20000 B. 

Thence S. 85° E. 

435.6 

To Cor. No. 4, identical with corner of location. 

A pine post, 4 ins. square, set 18 ins. in the 
ground, scribed B. M. S., 4-20000 B. 

Thence N. 5° E. 

500 

To Cor. No. 1, beginning. 

Containing 5 acres. 















136 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


Area. 

Acres. 

Total area, Mascot lode. 9.463 

Area in conflict with— 

Tract “A,” hereinafter described.189 

Sur. No. 12479, A. Am. Queen No. 2 lode 1.375 

Sur. No. 17854, Grant lode.. 1.629 

Sur. No. 17854, Grant lode (exclusive of 
its conflict with Sur. No. 12479, A. 

Am. Queen No. 2 lode).514 

Sur. No. 17854, Grant lode (exclusive of 

its conflict with Tract “A”). L440 

Sur. No. 17854, Grant lode (exclusive of 
its conflict with Tract “A” and Sur. 

No. 12479, A. Am. Queen No. 2 lode) .325 
Sur. No. 17854, Brown lode.848 

Total area Noonday lode. 9.434 

Area in conflict with— 

Matchless lode of this survey.• 2.017 

Mascot lode of this survey. 1.188 

Little Olive lode of. this survey. 1.998 

Total area Bryan lode. 10.170 

Area in conflict with— 

Tract “B,” hereinafter described.172 

Sur. No.. 12479, B. Am. The Cortland 

Mill Site .048 

Sur. No. 17854, Brown lode. 1.909 

Sur. No. 17854, Brown lode (exclusive 
of its conflict with Sur. No. 12479 B. 

Am., The Cortland Mill Site). 1.861 

Sur. No. 17854, Shields lode. 1.114 

Sur. No. 17854, Shields lode (exclusive 
of its conflict with Sur. No. 12479 B. 

Am., The Cortland Mill Site). 1.110 

Sur. No. 17854, Shields lode (exclusive 
of its conflict with Sur. No. 17854, 

Brown lode) .976 



























MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


137 


Acres 

Sur. No. 17854, Shields lode (exclusive 

of its conflict with Tract “B”).942 

Sur. No. 17854, Shields lode (exclusive 
of its conflict with Sur. No. 12479 B. 

Am. The Cortland Mill Site, Sur. No. 


17854, Brown lode, and Tract * 

“B”) .804 

Penguin lode, unsurveyed.542 

Penguin }ode, unsurveyed (exclusive of, 
its conflict with Sur. No. 17854, 

Shields lode) . 541 

Pelican lode, unsurveyed. 1.681 

MascoL lode of this survey.027 

Total area Little Olive lode. 9.669 

Area in conflict with— 

| Sur.- No. 7153, Little Dora lode.017 

Total area Matchless lode. 5.694 

j Area Bryan Mill Site. 5.000 


Tract “A.” 

Beginning at a point on line 2-3, Sur. No. 17854 
Grant lode, 153.73 ft. from Cor. No. 3, and on line 
4-1, Mascot lode, of this survey, at 869.74 ft. from 
Cor. No. 4. Thence N. 25° 06' E. 137.04 ft. to a 
point. Thence N. 79° 10' W. 54.29 ft. to a point. 
Thence S. 31° 16' W. 141.73 ft. to a.point. Thence 
S. 79° 10' E. 70.00 ft. to the place of beginning, 
containing 0.189 acres. 

Tract “B.” 

Beginning at a point on line 2-3, Bryan lode, of 
this survey, and on line 4-1, Sur. No. 17854, Shields 
lode, at N. 59° 28' E. 49,88 ft. from Cor. No. 4. 
Thence S. 11° 55' E. 162.95 ft. to a point. Thence 
N. 44° 07' E. 18.79 ft. to Cor. No. 4, Penguin lode, 
unsurveyed. Thence S. 30° 35' E. 5.60 ft. to Cor. 
No. 4, Pelican lode, unsurveyed. Thence N. 59° 28' 
E. 35.58 ft. to a point on line 2-3, Sur. No. 17854, 





















138 


MINERAL, LAND SURVEYING. 


Shields lode, 117.4 ft. from Cor. No. 3. Thence N 
15° 20' W. 160.62 ft. to a point. Thence S. 59° 28' 
W. 43.81 ft. to the place of beginning-, containing 
0.172 acre. 

The survey of each lode of this location is 
identical with respective amended location as 
staked upon the ground. 

Location. 

This survey is located in the S. V 2 Sec. 12 and 
the N. W. % Sec. 13, T. 50 N., R. 3 E., of N. M. P. M. 

Expenditure of Five Hundred Dollars. 

I certify that the value of the labor and im¬ 
provements made upon, or for the benefit of, each 
of the locations embraced in said mining claim by 
the claimant or its grantors is not less than five 
hundred dollars, and that said improvements con- 
j sist of: 

The discovery cut of the Matchless lode, the 
face of which, being the discovery point, is on the 
lode line 458 ft. from a point on line 1-2, 132.47 ft. 
from Cor. No. 1, 5 ft. wide, 10 ft. face, running S. 
60° E. 20 ft. to mouth. From the face is a tunnel, 
5x7 ft., running N. 60° W. 45 ft., thence S. 30° W. 
30 ft. 

Value of cut and tunnel, $850. 

No. 1. The discovery tunnel of the Mascot lode, 
the mouth of which being the discovery point, is 
on the center line 610 ft. from center of line 1-2, 
5x7 ft., running S. 72° 30' W. 100 ft. 

Value, $1,000. 

No. 2. A tunnel, the mouth of which bears from 
Cor. No. 2, Mascot lode, S. 18° 20' W. 593 ft., 5x7 
ft., running N. 79° 20' W. 205 ft. 

Value, $2,000. 

No. 1. The discovery shaft of the Noonday lode, 
on the center line 675 ft. from the center of line 
j 1-2, 4x6 ft., 45 ft. deep, timbered. 

Value, $450. 








MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


139 


No. 2. A shaft which bears from Cor. No. 1, 
Noonday lode, S. 3° 32' E. 772 ft., 4x6 ft., 15 ft. 
deep. 

Value, $150. 

No. 3. A tunnel, the mouth of which bears from 
Cor. No. 4, Noonday lode, S. 77° 10' W. 152 ft., 
5x7 ft., running N. 14° 17' W. 450 ft. 

Value, $4,500. 

No. 1. The discovery cut of the Bryan lode, the 
mouth of which being the discovery point, is on the 
center line 347 ft. from the center of line 1-2, 5 ft. 
wide, 10 ft. face, running N. 14° W. 15 ft., at the 
face of which is a shaft 4x6 ft., 10 ft. deep. 

Value of cut and shaft, $250. 

No. 2. A tunnel, the mouth of which bears 
from Cor. No. 2, Bryan lode, S. 14° 23' E. 698 ft., 
5x7 ft., running N. 25° W. 37 ft. 

Value, $370. 

No. 1. The discovery shaft of the Little Olive 
lode on the lode line 510 ft. from a point on line 
1-2, N. 77° W. 141 ft. from Cor. No. 1, 4 x 6 ft., 35 
ft. deep, timbered. 

Value, $350. 

No. 2. A tunnel, the mouth of which bears from 
Cor. No. 4, Little Olive lode, N. 42° 40' W. 32 ft.. 
5x7 ft., running N. 145 ft. 

Value, $1,450. 

Other Improvements. 

A log cabin, the Northwest corner of which 
bears from Cor. No. 2, Mascot lode, S. 19° W. 565 
ft., 12 x 16 ft. Course of long sides S. 10° 40' W. 

A log blacksmith shop, the Northwest corner of 
which bears from Cor. No.- 2, Mascot lode, S. 18° 
30' W. 600 ft., 10 x 12 ft. Course of long sides S. 
10° 40' W. Both belong to claimant herein. 












MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


Instrument. 

This survey was made with a C. L. Berger min¬ 
ing- transit No. 3126. The courses were deflected 
from the true meridian as determined by direct 
solar observations. The distances were measured 
with 100-ft. and 400-ft. steel tapes. 

Report. 

The lode line of each location of this claim 
was run directly upon the ground, and the several 
corners established by means of off-sets from the 
lode lines. All tie lines were run either directly 
upon the ground or by traverses, run upon the 
ground and submitted in a separate report here¬ 
with. 

The N. E. Cor., T. 50 N., R. 3 E., of N. M. P. M., 
is a granite stone, chiseled with six notches on the 
East face. Near it are 4 witness trees, blazed and 
scribed 51-4-31 B. T., 50-3-1 B. T., 50-4-6 B. T., 
and 51-3-36 B. T. This is the nearest standing 
corner of the public survey that can be found and 
identified. 

Sur. No. 12479 A and B, Am. Queen No. 2 lode 
and The Cortland Mill Site: 

All of the corners are pine posts, properly set 
and scribed with the number of the corner and 
survey. I find all courses and distances to be cor-' 
rect as approved. 

Sur. No. 17854, Grant, Brown and Shields lodes: 

All corners are pine posts, properly set and 
scribed with the number of the corner and survey. 
I find all courses and distances to be correct as ap¬ 
proved. 

Sur. No. 7153, Little Dora lode: 

Corners 3, 4 and 5 are pine posts, properly set 
and scribed with the number of the corner and 
survey. I find lines 3-4 and 4-5 to be correct as 
approved. 

Note.—The amended location certificate of the 
Mascot lode fails to furnish the course of line 1-2 
and the same is properly given in these field notes. 











MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


141 


(4—685.) 

Final Oaths for Surveys. 

List of Names. 

A list of the names of the individuals employed by 
0. M. Thayer, United States Mineral Surveyor, to assist in 
running, measuring, and marking the lines, corners and 
boundaries described in the foregoing field notes of the 
survey of the mining claim of The Noonday Tunnel Gold 
Mining and Milling Company, known as the Matchless, 
Mascot, Noonday, Bryan, and Little Olive lodes, and Bryan 
Mill Site, and showing the respective capacities in which 
they acted. 

D. J. Lehan, fchainman. 

.. Chainman. 

.. Axman. 

, .. Flagman. 


Final Oaths of Assistants. 

I, D. J. Lehan, do solemnly swear that I assisted O. M. 
Thayer, United States Mineral Surveyor, in marking the 
corners and surveying the boundaries of the mining claim 
of The Noonday Tunnel Gold Mining and Milling Company, 
known as' the Matchless, Mascot, Noonday, Bryan, and Lit¬ 
tle Olive lodes, and Bryan mill site, represented in the fore¬ 
going field notes as having been surveyed by said mineral 
surveyor and under his direction; and that said survey 
has been in all respects, to the best of my knowledge and 
belief, faithfully and correctly executed and the corner 
and boundary monuments established according to law and' 
the instructions furnished by the United States Surveyor 
General for Colorado. 

D. J. Lehan, Chainman. 

.. Chainman. 

.. Axman. 

.Flagman. 









142 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


Subscribed and sworn to by the above-named person, 
before me this 28th day of May, 1907. 

RICHARD ROE, 

Notary Public, 
Gunnison County, Colorado. 

My commission expires December 16, 1908. 

(4—686.) 

Final Oath of U. S. Mineral Surveyor. 

I, O. M. Thayer, U. S. Mineral Surveyor, do solemnly 
swear that, in pursuance of instructions received from 
the United States Surveyor General for Colorado, dated 
December 1, 1906, I have, in strict conformity to the laws 
of the United States, the official regulations and instruc¬ 
tions thereunder, and the instructions of said Surveyor 
General, faithfully and correctly executed the survey of the 
mining- claim of The Noonday Tunnel Gold Mining artd 
Milling Company, known as the Matchless, Mascot, Noon¬ 
day, Bryan, and Little Olive lodes, and Bryan mill site, sit¬ 
uate in Gold Brick Mining District, Gunnison County, Col¬ 
orado, in Sections 12 and 13, Township No. 50 N., Range 

No. 3 E. of N. M. P. M., and designated as Survey No. 
20000, A and B, as represented in the foregoing field notes, 
which accurately show the boundaries of said mining claim 
as distinctly marked by monuments on the ground, and de-* 
rcriled 'n U:e alia h d cc y cf each location certificate, 
which was received by me from the Surveyor General with 
said instructions, and that all the corners of said survey 
have been established and perpetuated in strict accordance 
with the law, official regulations and instructions thereun¬ 
der; and I do further solemnly swear that the foregoing- 
are the true and original field notes of said survey and my 
report therein, and that the labor expended and improve¬ 
ments made upon or for the benefit of each of the locations 
embraced in said mining claim by claimant or its grantors 
are as therein fully stated, and that the character, extent, 




MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


143 


location and itemized value thereof are specified therein 
with particularity and full detail, and that no portion of 
or interest in said labor and improvements so credited to 
this claim has been included in the estimate of expendi¬ 
tures upon any other claim. 

O. M. THAYER, 

United States Mineral Surveyor. 

Subscribed and sworn to by the said O. M. Thayer, U. S. 
Mineral Surveyor, before me, a Notary Public in and for 

Gunnison County, Colorado, this 28th day of May, 1907. 

W. W. McKEE, 

Notary Public. 

My commission expires December 20, 1908. 


Amended Location Certificate—Law of 1889. 

STATE OF COLORADO, 1 
County of Gunnison, j ss. 

Know all Men by These Presents, That The Noonday 
Tunnel Gold Mining and Milling Company, the undersigned, 
has this 7th day of May, 1906, amended, located and 
claimed, and by these presents does amend, locate and 
claim, by right of discovery and amended location certifi¬ 
cate, in compliance with the Mining Acts of Congress ap¬ 
proved May 10, 1872, and with all subsequent acts, 

and with Section 2409 of the General Statutes of 
Colorado, and with local customs, laws and regu¬ 
lations, 1,016 linear feet and horizontal measurement 
on the Matchless lode, vein, ledge or deposit, along the vein 
thereof, with all its dips, angles and variations, as allowed 
by law, together with 115.12 feet on the westerly and 129 
feet on the easterly side of the middle of said vein at the 
surface, so far as can be determined from present develop¬ 
ments, and all veins,' lodes, ledges or deposits and surface 
ground within the lines of said claim, 458 feet running N. 
25° 06' E. from face of discovery cut and 558 feet running 



144 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


S. 25° 06' W. from face of discovery cut, said discovery cut 
being situate upon said lode, vein, ledge or deposit, and 
within the lines of said claim in Gold Brick Mining District, 
County of Gunnison and State of Colorado, described by 
metes and bounds as follows, to wit: 

Beginning at Corner No. 1, whence the N. E. Cor. T. 50 
N., R. 3 E. of N. M. P. M. bears N. 18° 53' 20" E. 9,175.32 ft. 

Thence N. 51° 45' W. 250.7 ft. to Cor. No. 2. 

Thence S. 25° 06' W. 1,016 ft. to Cor. No. 3. 

Thence S. 51° 45' E. 250.7 ft. to Cor. No. 4. 

Thence N. 25° 06' E. 1,016 ft. to Cor. No. 1, the place of 
beginning. 

This being the same lode originally located on the 23d 
day of April, 1890, and recorded on the 23d day of July, 
1890, in book 64, page 544, in the office of the Recorder of 
Gunnison County. This further and amended certificate of 
location is made without waiver of any previously acquired 
rights, but for the purpose of correcting any errors in the 
original location, description or record. 

THE NOONDAY TUNNEL GOLD MINING AND 
MILLING COMPANY. [Seal.] 

By EDWARD J. BROWN, Secretary. 

Said lode was discovered the 23d day of April, A. D. 1890. 

Attest: John Franklin. 

Date of Amended Certificate, June 14, 1906. 


Additional and Amended Location Certificate—Law of 1889. 

STATE OF COLORADO, { 

County of Gunnison, j ss. 

Know all Men by These Presents, That The Noonday 
Tunnel Gold Mining and Milling Company, the undersigned, 

has this 4th day of June 1906, amended, located and 
claimed, and by these presents does amend, locate and 
claim, by right of the original discovery and this 
additional and amended location certificate, in com- 



MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


145 


pliance with the Mining Acts of Congress approved 
May 10, 1872, and all subsequent acts, and with 

Section 2409 of the General Statutes of Colorado, and with 
local customs, laws and regulations, 1,374 linear feet and 
horizontal measurement on the Mascot lode, vein, ledge or 
deposit, along the vein thereof, with all its dips, angles and 
variations, as allowed by law, together with 150 feet on 
each side of the middle of said vein at the surface, so far as 
can be determined from present developments, and all 
veins, lodes, ledges or deposits and surface ground within 
the lines of said claim, 610 feet running N. 25° 06' E. from 
mouth of discovery tunnel and 764 feet running S. 25° 06' 
W. from mouth of discovery tunnel, said discovery tunnel 
being situate upon said lode, vein, ledge or deposit, and 
within the lines of said claim in Gold Brick Mining District, 
County of Gunnison and State of Colorado, described by 
metes and bounds as follows,' to wit: 

Beginning at Corner No. 1, whence the N. E. Cor. T. 50 
N., R. 3 E., of N. M. P. M. bears N. 16° 49' E. 8,976 ft. 

Thence N. 64° 54' W. 300 ft. to Cor. No. 2. 

Thence S. 25° 06' W. 1,374 ft. to Cor. No. 3. 

Thence S. 64° 54' E. 300 ft. to Cor. No. 4. 

Thence N. 25° 06' E. 1,374 ft. to Cor. No. 1, the place of 
beginning. 

This being the same lode originally located on the 23d 
day of April, 1890, and recorded on the 23d day of July, 
1890, in book 64, page 543, in the office of the Recorder of 
Gunnison County. This further additional and amended 
certificate of location is made without a waiver of any pre¬ 
viously acquired rights, but for the purpose of correcting 
any errors in the original location, description or record, 
and of taking in and acquiring all forfeited or abandoned, 
overlapping ground, and of taking in any part of any over¬ 
lapping claim which has been abandoned, and of securing 






146 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


all the benefits of said Section 2409 of the General Statutes 
of Colorado. 

THE NOONDAY TUNNEL GOLD MINING AND 

MILLING COMPANY. [Seal.] 

By EDWARD J. BROWN, Secretary. 

Said lode was discovered the 23d day of April, A. D. 1890. 
Attest: John Franklin. 

Date of Additional and Amended Certificate,- June 14, A. 

D. 1906. 


Amended Location Certificate—Law of 1889. 

STATE OF COLORADO, 1 
County of Gunnison, jss. 

Know all Men by These Presents, That The Noonday 
Tunnel Gold Mining and Milling Company, the undersigned, 
has this 7th day of May, 1906, amended, located and 
claimed, and by these presents does amend, locate and 
claim, by right of discovery and amended location certifi¬ 
cate. in compliance with the Mining Acts of Congress ap¬ 
proved May 10, 1872, and all subsequent acts, and with 
Section 2409 of the General Statutes of Colorado, and with 
local customs, laws and regulations, 1,377 linear feet and 
horizontal measurement on the Noonday lode, vein, ledge or 
deposit, along the vein thereof, with all its dips, angles and 
variations, as allowed by law, together with 150 feet on each 
side of the middle of said vein at the surface, so far as can 
be determined from present developments, and all veins, 
lodes, ledges or deposits and surface ground within the 
lines of said claim, 675 feet running N. 14° 17' W. from cen¬ 
ter of discovery shaft and 702 feet running S. 14° 17' E. 
from center of discovery shaft, said discovery shaft being 
situate upon said lode, vein, ledge or deposit, and within 
the lines of said claim in Gold Brick Mining District, County 
of Gunnison and State of Colorado, described by metes and 
bounds as follows, to wit: 



MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


147 


Beginning at Corner No. 1 , whence the N. E. Cor., T. 50 
N., R. 3 E., of N. M. P. M. bears N. 22° 42' E. 9,163.5 ft. 

Thence S. 68° 18' W. 301 ft. to Cor. No. 2. 

Thence S. 14 u 17' E. 1,377 ft. to Cor. No. 3. 

Thence N. 68° 18' E. 301 ft. to Cor. No. 4. 

Thence N. 14 17 W. 1,377 ft. to Cor. No. 1, the place of 
beginning. \ 

This being the same lode originally located on the 24th 
day of May, 1895, and recorded on the 1st day of August, 
1895, in book 132, page 53, in the office of the Recorder of 
Gunnison County. This further and amended certificate of 
location is made without waiver of any previously acquired 
rights, but for the purpose of correcting any errors in the 
original location, description or record. 

THE NOONDAY TUNNEL GOLD MINING AND 
MILLING COMPANY. [Seal,] 

By EDWARD J, BROWN, Secretary. 

Said lode was discovered the 24th day of May, A. D. 1895. 

.Attest: John Franklin. 

Date of Amended Certificate, June 14, A. D. 1906. 


Amended Location Certificate—Law of 1889. 

STATE OF COLORADO, 1 
County of Gunnison, jss. 

Know all Men by These Presents, That The Noonday 

Tunnel Gold Mining and Milling Company, the undersigned. 

has this 7th day of May, 1906, amended, located and 

. % 

claimed, and by these presents does amend, locate and 
claim, by right of discovery and amended location certifi¬ 
cate, in compliance with the Mining Acts of Congress ap¬ 
proved May 10, 1872, and all subsequent acts, and with 
Section 2409 of the General Statutes of Colorado, and with 
local customs, laws and regulations, 1,493.52 linear feet and 
horizontal measurement on the Bryan lode, vein, ledge or 
deposit, along the vein thereof, with all its dips, angles and 



148 


MINERAL. LAND SURVEYING. 


variations, as allowed by law, together with 150 feet on each 
side of the middle of said vein at the surface, so far as can 
be determined from present developments, and all veins, 
lodes, ledges or deposits and surface ground within the 
lines of said claim, 347 feet running N. 11° 55' W. from 
mouth of discovery cut and 1,146.52 feet running S. 11° 55' 
E. from mouth of discovery cut, said discovery cut being 
situate upon said lode, vein, ledge or deposit, and within 
the lines of said claim in Gold Brick Mining District, County 
of Gunnison and State of Colorado, described by metes and 
bounds as follows, to wit: 

Beginning at Corner No. 1, whence the N. E. Cor., T. 50 
N., R. 3 E., of N. M. P. M. bears N. 18° 05' E. 10,296.6 ft. 

Thence S. 69° 18' W. 301 ft. to Cor. No. 2. 

Thence S. 11° 55' E. 1,493.52 ft. to Cor. No. 3. 

Thence N. 68° 18' E. 301 ft. to Cor. No. 4. 

Thence N. 11° 55' W. 1,493.52 ft. to Cor. No. 1, the place 

of beginning. 

This being the same lode originally located on the 14th 
day of September, 1896, and recorded on the 17th day of 

September, 1896, in book 57, page 530, in the office of the 

Recorder of Gunnison County. This further and amended 
certificate of location is made without waiver of any pre¬ 
viously acquired rights, but for the purpose of correcting 
any errors in the original location, description or record. 

THE NOONDAY TUNNEL GOLD MINING AND 
MILLING COMPANY. [Seal.] 

By EDWARD J. BROWN, Secretary. 

Said lode was discovered the bth day of September, A. 
D. 1896. 

Attest: John Franklin. 

Date of Amended Certificate, June 14, A. D. 1906. 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


149 


Amended Location Certificate—Law of 1889. 

STATE OF COLORADO, { 

County of Gunnison,] ss. 

Know all Men by These Presents, That The Noonday 
Tunnel Gold Mining and Milling Company, the undersigned, 
has this 7th day of May, 1906, amended, located and 
claimed, and by these presents does amend, locate and 
claim, by right of discovery and amended location -certifi¬ 
cate, in compliance with the Mining Acts of Congress ap¬ 
proved May 10, 1872, and all subsequent acts, and with 
Section 2409 of the General Statutes of Colorado, and with 
local customs, laws and regulations, 1,500 linear feet and 
horizontal measurement on the Little Olive lode, vein, ledge 
or deposit, along the vein thereof, with all its dips, angles 
and variations, as allowed by law, together with 150 feet on 
each side of the middle of said vein at the surface, so far 
as can be determined from present developments, and all 
veins, lodes, ledges or deposits and surface ground within 
the lines of said claim, 510 feet running N. 7° 33' E. from 
center of discovery shaft and 990 feet running S. 7° 33' W. 
from center of discovery shaft, said discovery shaft being 
situate upon said lode, vein, ledge or deposit, and within 
the lines of said claim in Gold Brick Mining District, County 
of Gunnison and State of Colorado, described by metes and 
bounds as follows, to wit: 

Beginning at Corner No. 1, whence the N. E. Cor., T. 

50 N., R. 3 E., of N. M. P. M. bears N. 23° 25' 20" E. 

8,860.6 ft. 

Thence N. 77° W. 291.72 ft. to Cor. No. 2. 

Thence S. 6° 28' W. 1,503 ft. to Cor. No. 3. 

Thence S. 77° E. 272.4 ft. to Cor. No. 4. 

Thence N. 7° 12' E. 1,500.92 ft. to Cor No. 1, the place of 

beginning. 

This being the same lode originally located on the 21st 
day of October, 1889, and recorded on the 7th day of No¬ 
vember, 1889, in book 30, page 444, in the office of the Re- 


150 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


corder of Gunnison County. This further additional and 
amended certificate of location is made without waiver of 
any previously acquired rights, but for the purpose of 
correcting any errors in the original location, description 
or record. 

THE NOONDAY TUNNEL GOLD MINING AND 

MILLING COMPANY. [Seal.] 

By EDWARD J. BROWN, Secretary. 

Said lode was discovered the 24th day of October, A., D. 
1889. 

Attest: John Franklin. 

Date of Amended Certificate, June 14, 1906. 


Location Certificate of Mill Site. 

STATE OF COLORADO, 1 
County of Gunnison, jss. 

To All Whom These Presents May Concern; 

Know ye that The Noonday Tunnel Gold Mining and 
Milling Company does hereby declare and publish as a legal 
notice to all the world that it has a valid right to the occu¬ 
pation, possession and enjoyment of all and singular that 
tract or parcel of land - not exceeding five acres, situate, 
lying and being in Gold Brick Mining District, in the County 
of Gunnison, in the State of Colorado, bounded and de¬ 
scribed as follows, to wit: The Bryan Mill Site,, beginning 
at Cor. No. 1, whence the N. E. Cor. T. 50 N., R. 3 E., bears 
N. 20° 15' E. 11,000 ft. 

Thence N. 5° E. 500 ft. 

Thence N. 85” W. TcSS.o tt. 

Thence S. 5° W. 500 ft. 

Thence S. 85 E. 435.6 ft. to Cor. No. 1, the place of be¬ 
ginning. 

Containing 5 acres. 

together with all and singular the hereditaments and ap- 



MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


151 


purtenances thereunto belonging- or in anywise appertain¬ 
ing. 

Witness its hand and seal, this 7th day of May, 1906. 

THE NOONDAY TUNNEL GOLD MINING AND 
MILLING COMPANY. [Seal.] 

By EDWARD J. BROWN, Secretary. 

(4—687.) 

Surveyor General’s Certificate of Approval of Field Notes 
and Survey of Mining Claim. 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, 

Office of U. S. Surveyor General, 


. 19... 

I, U. S. Surveyor General for .. do hereby cer¬ 

tify that the foregoing and hereto attached field notes and 

return of the survey of the mining claim of .. 

known as the .. situate in . mining dis¬ 
trict, . County, ., in Section ., Town¬ 
ship No.. Range No., designated as Survey No. 

.. executed by ., U. S. mineral surveyor, 

. 19.., is under my instructions dated . 19.., 

have been critically examined and the necessary corrections 
and explanations made, and the said field notes and return, 
and the survey they describe, are hereby approved. A true 
copy of the location certificate filed by the applicant for 
survey is included in the field notes. 


U. S. Surveyor General for . 

(4—688.) 

United States Surveyor General’s Final Certificate on 

Field Notes. 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. 

Office of U. S. Surveyor General, 

. 19... 





















152 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


I, U. S. Surveyor General for .do hereby 

certify that the foregoing transcript of the field notes, re¬ 
turn, and approval of the survey of the mining claim of 
.. known as the ., situate in . min¬ 
ing district, . County, ., in Section .. 

Township No., Range No., and designated as Sur¬ 
vey No., has been correctly copied from the originals 

on file in this office; that said field notes furnish such an 
accurate description of said mining claim as will, if in¬ 
corporated into a patent, serve fully to identify the prem¬ 
ises, and that such reference is made therein to natural ob¬ 
jects or permanent monuments as will perpetuate and fix 
the locus thereof. 

And I further certify that five hundred dollars’ worth of 
labor has been expended or improvements made upon said 

mining claim by claimant or . grantors, and that said 

improvements consist of ., and that no portion of 

said labor or improvements has been included in the esti¬ 
mate of expenditures upon any other claim. 

I further certify that the plat hereof, filed in the U. S. 

Land Office at . is correct and in conformity with 

the foregoing field notes. 


U. S. Surveyor General for .. 

The office of the Surveyor General in Denver requires: 
“In order to enable this office to determine the form and 
sufficiency of the statement of area, a report must be filed 
on a separate blank setting forth tht claims contemplated 
to be excluded in the application to purchase in whole or in 
part in their correct order.” Such a report for the preced¬ 
ing survey would be as follows: 

' Acres. Acres. 


Total area Mascot lode. 9.463 

Less area in conflict with Tract “A” herein¬ 
after described . 0.189 

Sur. No. 12479A, Am. Queen No. 2 lode. 1.375 

Sur. No. 17854, Brown lode. 0.848 =2.412 





















MINERAL LAND SURVEYING, lb‘3 

Acres. A.cres. 

Net area Mascot lode. 7.051 

Total area Noonday lode. 9.434 

Less area in conflict with Matchless lode of 

this survey . 2.017 

Mascot lode of this survey. 1.188 

Little Olive lode of this survey. 1.998 =5.203 


Net area Noonday lode. 4.231 

Total area Bryan lode. 10.170 

Less area in conflict with Tract “B” herein¬ 
after described . 0.172 

Sur. No. 12479B, Am. The Cortland Mill Site 0.048 

Sur. No. 17854, Brown lode. 1.861 

Penguin lode, unsurveyed. 0.542 

Pelican lode, unsurveyed . 1.681 

Mascot lode of this survey. 0.027 =4.331 


Net area Bryan lode. 5.839 

Total area Little Olive lode. 9.669 

Less area in conflict with Sur. No. 7153, 

Little Dora lode. .017 


Net area Little Olive lode. 9.652 

Total and net area Matchless lode. 5.694 

Net area Mascot lode . 7.051 

Net area Noonday lode. 4.231 

Net area Bryan lode . 5.839 


Net area lodes embraced in this survey.. 32.467 


In the following are given a number of conditions not 
provided for in the above field notes, but which are likely 
to arise in practice: 

Descriptions of Corners. 

A rock in place 6x4x2 ft. above the general surface, 
chiseled cross ( X ) at corner point and N. whence, 

Or a (X) cross at corner point and N. chiseled 

on a granite rock in place showing 10x3x2 ft. above the gen¬ 
eral surface, whence, 

A (X) cross at corner point and N. chiseled on 

a large boulder, 25x12x10 ft., whence, 






























154 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


. to Cor. No. 3. 

Identical with the S. W. Cor. of Sec. 4, T. 4 S., R. 73 W. 
of the 6th P. M. 

A granite stone, 24x10x6 ins., set 12 ins. in the ground, 
chiseled N-3-19000 and % on west face, whence, 

. to Cor. No. 3. 

Identical with the S. W. Cor. of Sec. 4, T. 4 S., R. 74 W. 
of the 6th P. M. 

A pine post 4 ft. long, 4 ins. square, set 2 ft. in the 
ground with mound of stone scribed N-3-19000, set alongside 
the section corner, a granite stone chiseled four notches on 
east face and five on south face, whence, 

Bearings From Corners. . 

A pine tree 8 ins. diameter blazed and scribed B. T. 

Mas. bears . 

A prominent peak bears . 

Chief Mountain bears . 

A cross (X) and B. R. Mas. chiseled 4 ft. above 

the ground on a limestone cliff 20 ft. high, running S. 20° 
E.. bears . 

A (X) cross and B. R. Mas. . . .chiseled on a rock in place 

showing . ft. above the general surface bears . 

The N. E. Cor. of a log cabin bears. 

Witness Corners. 

If it were impossible to establish common Cor. Nos. 3-2, 
Noonday and Bryan lodes, respectively, and a witness cor¬ 
ner were placed on line 3-4, Noonday lode. 150 ft. from the 
position of common Cor. Nos. 3-2, the description would be 
as follows, ending with line 2-3, Noonday lode: 

1,377 To Cor. No. 3, 

Not set, as it falls on the face of an inaccessible cliff, 
where corner could not be established, whence, 

(Ties to other claims necessary for figuring intersections 
given here.) 

Thence N. 68° 18' E. 

150 Witness Corner to Cor. No. 3. 













MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


156 


A granite stone, 26x12x8 ins., set 16 ins. in the ground, 
with mound of stone, chiseled W. C. N-3-20000 A, whence, 

(Ties made on the ground to other claims should be 
given here.) 

301 To Cor No. 4, etc. 

For line 1-2, Bryan lode, the description would be as 
follows: 

151 Witness Corner to Cor. No. 2. On line 3-4 and iden¬ 
tical with Witness Corner to Cor. No. 3, Noonday lode of 
this survey. 

301 To Cor. No. 2. Identical with Cor. No. 3, Noonday 
lode of this survey, and not set. 


Placer Location Certificate by Legal Subdivisions. 

Know All Men by These Presents, That I, T. E. Jenkins, 
the undersigned citizen of the United States, resident of 
the County of Arapahoe, State of Colorado, having complied 
with the provisions of Chapter 6, Title XXXII of the Re¬ 
vised Statutes of the United States, and with the local cus¬ 
toms, laws and regulations, claim by right of discovery and 
location, as a placer claim, the following described prem¬ 
ises, situate, lying and being- in Pike’s Peak Mining District, 
County of El Paso and State of Colorado, to-wit: The S. E. 
Zq. of the S. W. Z 4 , and the S. Z 2 °f the S. W. '/4 of Sec. 17, 
T. 14 S., R. 69 W. of the 6th P. M. To be known as the 
Cumro Placer. Said claim was located on the 1st day of 
May, A. D. 1892; date of Certificate, June 4th, A. D. 1892. 

T. E. JENKINS. 



15G 


MINERAL, LAND SURVEYING. 


As no placer notes are given in the 1909 “Manual of In¬ 
structions,” the following is taken from the Manual of 1895: 

(Title Page to Report Under Circular “N” of September 

23, 1882.) 

Report 

Under General Land Office Circular “N” of September 23, 
1882, upon the Placer Mining Claim known as the Cumro 
placer, claimed by T. E. Jenkins et al., situate in Pike’s 
Peak Mining District, El Paso County, Colorado, embracing 
32.07 acres, and forming a portion of the S. half of the S. 
W. quarter in Sec. 17, Town. 14 S., Range 69 W of the 6th 
P. M. 

Examination made February 15th, 1909. 

By A. L. HAWLEY, 

U. S. Mineral Surveyor. 


a 


b 


c 


Survey No. 20001. 

Cumro Placer. 

The soil embraced in this claim consists of decom¬ 
posed mineral-bearing granite on the mountain slopes, 
and auriferous sand and gravel along the creek bot¬ 
tom, all covered with a thin layer of loam and allu¬ 
vium supporting a scant growth of grass and sage 
brush, with scattering pine, spruce, cedar and cotton¬ 
wood timber. 

The only stream passing through this claim is 
Cumro creek, 4 ft. wide, and about 2 ft. deep, which 
crosses the extreme southeast corner. 

A log cabin, the west corner of which bears from • 
Cor. No. 13 S. 40° E. 120 ft., 12x16 ft., course of long 
sides N. 44° E. 

The surface and underground workings on this 
claim consist of: 

A tunnel, the mouth of which bears from Cor. No. 

7 N. 67° 48' E. 582 ft. 5x6 ft., running N. 10° 44'W. 515 
ft. to breast. 

A shaft, which bears from Cor. No. 28 S. 48° 30' W. 
305 ft., 3x5 ft., 12 ft. deep in earth and rock. Placer 
workings, the center of the northeasterly end of which 
bears from Cor. No. 15 N. 46° W. 285 ft., averaging 40 
ft. wide and 8 ft. deep, and extending S. 62° W. 120 ft. 
along the bed of Cumro creek. 







MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


157 


d 


The nearest postoffice to the claim is Jamestown, 
a mining camp of about 300 population, located on 
Brush creek about two miles south of the claim. The 
nearest railroad station is Tie Siding, a spur and flag 
station on the Denver, Apex and Western R. R., at the 
confluence of Cumro and Plum creeks, about 6 miles 
southwesterly from the claim. 


e 


Other than the system of lode deposits adjoining 
and forming a part of this claim, there are none nearer 
than Carbonate, situate about four miles to the north¬ 
east. 


This claim is peculiarly adapted for placer mining 
purposes, inasmuch as the contour of the surface and 
the character and nature or the soil are such that it 
can be most advantageously and cheaply worked by 
hydraulic giants and the tailings be rapidly and easily 
disposed of. Cumro creek carries about 50 cu. ft. of 
water per second during the dry season, being an 
abundance of water for working the claim. As yet 
no water has been taken upon the claim for its devel¬ 
opment, except in washing the placer workings here¬ 
inbefore described; but by a survey it has been found 
that by a ditch not over one mile in length, water 
can be taken from Cumro creek onto the highest por¬ 
tions of the claim. It being the express intention of 
the claimants to work the claim in this manner. 


g The works and expenditures made by the claim¬ 
ants for the development of the claim consists of 
the placer workings described under paragraph c of 
this report. 

h There are no mines, salt licks, salt springs, or mill 
seats upon this claim. 


Oath of U. S. Mineral Surveyor. 

Under General Land Office Circular “N” of September 

23, 1882. 

I, A. L. Hawley, U. S. Mineral Surveyor, do solemnly 
swear that in pursuance of an order received from the U. S. 
Surveyor General for Colorado, dated February 6th, 1909, I 
have made, under the provisions of General Land Office 
Circular “N,” approved September 23. 1882, a personal and 
thorough examination, upon the premises, of the placer 



158 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


mining claim of T. E. Jenkins et al., known as the Cumro 
placer, situate in Pike’s Peak Mining District, El Paso 
County, Colorado, embracing 32.07 acres and forming a por¬ 
tion of the S. /z of the S. W. '/4 of Sec. 17 in Township No. 
14 S., Range No. 69 W. of the 6th P. M., and that my report 
of such examination, hereto attached, is specific and in de¬ 
tail, and is a full and true statement of the facts upon all 
the points specified in said Circular. 

A. L. HAWLEY, 

U. S. Mineral Surveyor. 

Subscribed and sworn to by the said A. L. Hawley, U. S. 
Mineral Surveyor, before me, a notary public in and for El 
Paso County, Colorado, this 20th day of February, 1909. 

B. F. CLARK, 
Notary Public, 

My commission expires December 20, 1910. 


Corroborative Affidavit under Paragraph 62, General 
Mining Circular, Approved June 24, 1899. 

STATE OF COLORADO, 1 

County of El, Paso ) ss. 

W. H. Wilson and J. P. Thompson, being first duly 
sworn, severally depose and say that he is personally and 
well acquainted with the placer-mining claim of T. E. Jen¬ 
kins et al., known as the Cumro placer, situate in Pike’s 
Peak Mining District, El Paso County, Colorado, embracing 
32.07 acres and forming a portion of the S. /z of the S. W. 
J /4 of Sec. 17, in Township No. 14 S., Range No. 69 W. of 
the 6th P. M.; and also with the character of all the land 
included in said claim, and has been so acquainted for 10. 
and 12 years last past; that his knowledge of said claim 
and land is derived from prospecting the ground and work¬ 
ing the claim and is such as to enable him to testify un- 
derstandingly with regard thereto; that he has carefully 
read the foregoing report of A. L. Hawley, U. S. Mineral 
Surveyor, and that to his own personal knowledge said re¬ 
port is in all respects true and accurate. 

W. H. WILSON. 

J. P. THOMPSON. 

Subscribed and sworn to by the above-named persons 
before me this 20th day of February, 1909. 

(Seal.) B. F. CLARK, 

Notary Public. 

My comm'ssion expires December 20, 1910. 



CHAPTER VII. 


Office United States Surveyor-General. 

The province of the office of Surveyor-General for any 
district is to supervise the surveys of the public land in 
that district. 

The agricultural land is subdivided into townships six 
miles square, each township again into thirty-six sections, 
each one mile square, containing six hundred and forty 
acres, which can be still further subdivided to suit the con¬ 
venience of persons desiring to obtain title thereto. This 
surveying work is done by contract made between the sur¬ 
veyor appointed a deputy surveyor and the government, 
the price paid the deputy being from five to seven dollars 
per mile for subdivision, seven to eleven dollars per mile 
for township exteriors, and from nine to thirteen debars 
per mile for connection and meander lines. After these 
surveys are once made and approved by the Surveyor-Gen¬ 
eral and the General Land Office, the Surveyor-General has 
no more authority in the matter, unless on account of fraud¬ 
ulent surveys or some similar cause the surveys in question 
are suspended, and new and correct surveys are made. 

In surveying mineral claims, a different method entirely 
is followed. The surveying is done by United States Min¬ 
eral Surveyors employed by the owner of the claim to be 
patented. These Mineral Surveyors are appointed by the 
Surveyor-General, who requires the applicant to pass an 
examination or not, as he sees fit. Section 2334 of the 
revised statute making provision for these appointments 
being in part as follows: 

Sec. 2334. The Surveyor-General of the United States 
may appoint in each land district containing mineral lands 
as many competent surveyors as shall apply for appoint- 






160 


MINERAL. LAND SURVEYING. 


ment to survey mining claims. The expenses of the sur¬ 
vey of vein or lode claims, and the survey and subdivision 
of placer claims into smaller quantities than one hundred 
and sixty acres, together with the cost of publication of 
notices, shall be paid by the applicants', and they shall be 
at liberty to obtain the same at the most reasonable rates, 
and they shall also be at liberty to employ any U. S. Min¬ 
eral Surveyor to make the survey. The Commissoner of 
the General Land Office shall also have power to establish 
the maximum charges for surveys and publication of no¬ 
tices under this chapter; and, in case of excessive charges 
for publication, he may designate any newspaper published 
in a land district where mines are situated for the publica¬ 
tion of mining notices in such district, and fix the rates to 
be charged by such paper; and, to the end that the Com¬ 
missioner may be fully informed on the subject, each appli¬ 
cant shall file with the register a sworn statement of all 
charges and fees paid by such applicant for publication 
and surveys, together with all fees and money paid the 
register and the receiver of the land office, which state¬ 
ment shall be transmitted, with the other papers in the 
case, to the Commissioner of the General Land Office. 

Before appointment of a mineral surveyor is made he is 
required to file a bond of $5,000 for the faithful perform¬ 
ance of his duties. 

Upon receipt by the Surveyor-General of the application 
for survey order, together with the certified copy of loca¬ 
tion certificate and duplicate certificate of deposit for the 
necessary amount on account of office work, the applica¬ 
tion and copy of location certificates are examined on the 
following points: 

Application for survey order must give— 

Name of claimant. 

Name of claim. 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 161 

Name and address of Mineral Surveyor to whom order is 
to be sent. 

Postoffice address of claimant, and must be signed by 
the claimant or his attorney; typewritten signatures will 
not be accepted. 

The examination of the copy of the location certificate 
consists of: 

A traverse of the boundary lines of the claim, which 
must close. 

Claim must be tied to some permanent or fixed monu¬ 
ment or so described that the locus of the claim can be de¬ 
termined (by giving section, or mining district in which 
claim is located.) 

The certificate must give— 

Name of claim. 

Name of locators. 

Date of location. 

Date and place (book and page) of record. 

Certificate of county clerk regarding correctness of doc¬ 
ument which must contain his ^signature, seal and date. 

All dates must be consistent. 

In case of a lode claim the lode line must be described 
and must fit within the boundaries of the claim, and not 
be in excess of the statutory limit from any side line nor 
over 1,500 ft. in length. 

In case of placer claims, the acreage must be calcu¬ 
lated and not over 20 acres allowed for each individual lo¬ 
cator. 

In case of mill sites not over five acres can be included 
in the exterior boundaries. 

If these papers are correct, the order for survey is 
mailed to the Mineral Surveyor designated, who should then 
proceed to make the survey and return the field notes to 
the Surveyor General prepared on the proper blanks, to¬ 
gether with a plat of the claim prepared on tracing linen 
on a scale of 200 ft. to an inch. 


162 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


The three blanks, title page, affidavit of the Mineral Sur¬ 
veyor and affidavit of assistants, are examined to see that 
they agree clerically with each other and with the applica¬ 
tion for survey order regarding names, dates, etc. This is 
done by the Chief Examiner, who also examines the field 
notes for clerical errors, notes that all intersections with 
lines of conflicting surveys are properly given, that the area 
statement is complete, and that the improvements are prop¬ 
erly described and actually benefit the claims to which they 
are credited. 

The field notes are then taken up for examination on 
the connected sheets, which are diagrams showing all ap¬ 
proved mineral surveys. The sheet examination consists 
of platting the claim on this diagram, ascertaining that all 
conflicting approved surveys are shown in the field notes 
and that all such claims are shown in their correct posi¬ 
tions. After passing the sheet examination the intersec¬ 
tions, conflicting areas, lode line, etc., are then checked. 
Should at any stage errors be discovered in the field notes, 
they are returned to the Mineral Surveyor for correction, 
possibly many times, till the final draft is found to be cor¬ 
rect. When all is found to be correct, the plat as approved 
and transcript of notes are prepared, and upon date of ap¬ 
proval two copies of the plat and a transcript of the field 

• t 

notes are mailed to the claimant, or attorney, one copy of 
the plat mailed to the local land office, and one copy of 
the plat and the original field notes retained in offide of 
Surveyor, General. The Mineral Surveyor is notified at date 
of approval of field notes. 

36. The Surveyors General should designate all sur¬ 
veyed mineral claims by a progressive series of numbers, 
beginning with Survey No. 37, irrespective as to whether 
they are situated on surveyed or unsurveyed lands, the 
claim to be so designated at date of issuing the order there¬ 
for, in addition to the local designation of the claim; 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


163 


it being required in all cases that the plat and field notes 
iof the survey of a claim must, in addition to the reference 
to permanent objects in the neighborhood, describe the 
locus of the claim with reference to the lines of public sur¬ 
veys by a line connecting a corner of the claim with the 
nearest public corner of the United States surveys, unless 
such claim be on unsurveyed lands at a distance of more 
than two miles from such public corner, in which latter 
case it should be connected with a United States mineral 
monument. Such connecting line must not be more than 
two miles in length, and should be measured on the ground 
direct between the points, or calculated from actually sur¬ 
veyed traverse lines if the nature of the country should 
not permit direct measurement. If a regularly established 
survey corner is within two miles of a claim situated on 
unsurveyed lands, the connection should be made with 
such corner in preference to a connection with a United 
States mineral monument. The connecting line or traverse 
line must be surveyed by the Mineral Surveyor at the time 
of his making the particular survey, and be made a part 
thereof. 

Placer Claims. 

58. The proceedings to obtain patents for placer claims, 
including all forms of mineral deposits excepting veins of 
quartz or other rock in place, are similar to the proceedings 
prescribed for obtaining patents for vein or lode claims; 
but where a placer claim shall be upon surveyed lands, and 
conforms to legal subdivisions, no further survey or plat 
will be required. Where placer claims can not be con¬ 
formed to legal subdivisions, survey and plat shall be made 
as on unsurveyed lands.. 

59. The proceedings for obtaining patents for veins or 
lodes having already been fully given, it will not be neces¬ 
sary to repeat them here, it being thought that careful at¬ 
tention thereto by applicants and the local officers will en¬ 
able them to act understanding^ in the matter, and make 


164 


MINERAL, LAND SURVEYING. 


such slight modifications in the notice, or otherwise, as 

may be necessary in view of the different nature of the 

two classes of claims; placer claims being fixed, however, 

at two dollars and fifty cents per acre, or fractional part 

✓ 

of an acre. 

60. In placer applications, in addition to the recitals 
necessary in and to both vein or lode and placer applica¬ 
tions, the placer application should contain, in detail, such 
data as will support the claim that the land applied for is 
placer ground containing valuable mineral deposits not in 
vein or lode formation, and that title is sought not to con¬ 
trol water courses or to obtain valuable timber, but in good 
faith because of the mineral therein. This statement, of 
course, must depend upon the character of the deposit and 
the natural features of the ground, but the following de¬ 
tails should be covered as fully as possible: If the claim be 
for a deposit of placer gold, there must be stated the yield 
per pan, or cubic yard, as shown by prospecting and de¬ 
velopment work, distance to bedrock, formation and extent 
of the deposit, and all other facts upon which he bases his 
allegation that the claim is valuable for its deposits of 
placer gold. If it be a building stone or other deposit than 
gold claimed under the placer laws, he must describe fully 
the kind, nature, and extent of the deposit, stating the rea¬ 
sons why same is by him regarded as a valuable mineral 
claim. He will also be required to describe fully the nat¬ 
ural features, of the claim; streams, if any, must be fully 
described as to their course, amount of water carried, fall 
within the claim; and he must state kind and amount of 
timber and other vegetation thereon and adaptability to 
mining or other uses. ' 

If the claim be all placer ground, that fact must be 
stated in the application and corroborated by accompanying 
proofs; if of mixed placers and lodes, it should be so set 
out, with a description of all known lodes situated within 
the boundaries of the claim. A specific declaration, such as 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


165 


is required by section 2333, Revised Statutes, must be fur¬ 
nished as to each lode intended to be claimed. All other 
known lodes are, by the silence of the applicant excluded 
by law from all claim by him, of whatsoever nature, pos¬ 
sessory or otherwise. 

While this data is required as a part of the Mineral 
Surveyor’s report under paragraph 167, in case of placers 
taken by special survey, it is proper that the application 
for patent incorporate these facts under the oath of the 
claimant. 

Inasmuch as in case of claims taken by legal subdivis¬ 
ions, no report by a Mineral Surveyor is required, the claim¬ 
ant, in his application, in addition to the data above required, 
should describe in detail the shafts, cuts, tunnels, or other 
workings claimed as improvements, giving their dimen¬ 
sions, value, and the course and distance thereof to the 
nearest corner of the public surveys. 

As prescribed by paragraph 25, this statement as to the 
description and value of the improvements must be corrob¬ 
orated by the affidavits of two disinterested witnesses. 

Applications awaiting entry, whether published or not, 
must be made to conform to these regulations, with respect 
to proof as to the character of the land. Entries already 
made will be suspended for such additional proofs as may 
be deemed necessary in each case. 

Local land officers are instructed that if the proofs sub¬ 
mitted in placer applications under this paragraph are not 
satisfactory as showing the land as a whole to be placer in 
character, or if the claims impinge upon or embrace water 
courses or bodies of water, and thus raise a doubt as to 
the bonafides of the location and application, or the charac¬ 
ter and extent of the deposit claimed thereunder, to call for 
further evidence, or if deemed necessary, request the spe¬ 
cific attention of the Chief of Field Service thereto in con¬ 
nection with the usual notification to him under the circular 
instructions of April 24, 1907, and suspend further action on 



166 


MINERAL. LAND SURVEYING. 


the application until a report thereon is received from the 
field officer. 

Mill Sites. 

61. Land entered as a mill site must be shown to be 
non-mineral. Mill sites are simply auxiliary to the work¬ 
ing of mineral claims, and as section 2337, which provides 
for the patenting of mill sites, is embraced in the chapter 
of the Revised Statutes relating to mineral lands, they are 
therefore included in this circular. 

62. To avail themselves of this provision of law, parties 
holding the possessory right to a vein or lode claim, and to 
a piece of non-mineral land not contiguous thereto for min¬ 
ing or milling purposes, not exceeding the quantity allowed 
for such purpose by section 2337, or prior laws, under which 
the land was appropriated, the proprietors of such vein or 
lode may file in the proper land office their application for 
a patent, under oath, in manner already set forth herein, 
which application, together with the plat and field notes, 
may include, embrace, and describe, in addition to the vein 
or lode, such non-contiguous mill site, and after due pro¬ 
ceedings as to notice, etc., a patent will be issued conveying 
the same as one claim. The owner of a patented lode 
may, by an independent application, secure a mill site if 
good faith is manifest in its use of occupation in connec¬ 
tion with the lode and no adverse claim exists. 

63. Where the original survey includes a lode claim and 
also a mill site the lode claim should be described in the 
plat and field notes as “Sur. No. 37, A,” and the mill site 
as “Sur. No. 37, B,” or whatever may be its appropri¬ 
ate numerical designation; the course and distance from 
a corner of the mill site to a corner of the lode claim to be 
invariably given in such plat and field notes, and a copy 
of the plat and notice of application for patent must be 
conspicuously posted upon the mill site as well as upon the 
vein or lode for the statutory period of sixty days. In mak¬ 
ing the entry no separate receipt or certificate need be is- 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 167 

sued for the mill site, but the whole area of both lode and 
mill site will be embraced in one entry, the price being five 
dollars for each acre and fractional part of an acre em¬ 
braced by such lode and mill-site claim. 

64. In case the owner of a quartz mill or reduction 
works is not the owner or claimant of*a vein or lode the 
law permits him to make application therefor in the same 
manner prescribed herein for mining claims, and after due 
notice and proceedings, in the absence of a valid adverse 
filing, to enter and receive a patent for his mill site at said 
price per acre. 

65. In every case there must be satisfactory proof that 
the land claimed as a mill site is not mineral in character, 
which proof may, where the matter is unquestioned, con¬ 
sist of the sworn statement of two or more persons capable, 
from acquaintance with the land, to testify understanding^. 

Adverse Claims. 

82. In order that the “boundaries” and “extent” of the 
claim may be shown, it will be incumbent upon the adverse 
claimant to file a plat showing his entire claim, its relative 
situation or position with the one against which he claims, 
and the extent of the conflict: Provided, however, That if 
the application for patent describes' the claim by legal sub¬ 
divisions, the adverse claimant, if also claiming by legal 
subdivisions, may describe his adverse claim in the same 
manner without further survey or plat. If the claim is not 
described by legal subdivisions, it will generally be more 
satisfactory if the plat thereof is made from an actual sur¬ 
vey by a Mineral Surveyor, and its correctness officially 
certified by him. 

Appointment by Surveyor General and Charges. 

91. With regard to the platting of the claim and other 
office work in the Surveyor's General office, that officer will 
make an estimate of the cost thereof, which amount the 
claimant will deposit with any assistant United States 
treasurer or designated depository in favor of the United 






168 


MINERAL. LAND SURVEYING. 


States treasurer, to be passed to the credit of the fund cre¬ 
ated by “individual depositors for surveys of the public 
lands,’’ and file with the Surveyor General duplicate cer¬ 
tificates of such deposit in the usual manner. 

92. The Surveyors General will endeavor to appoint 

* 

surveyors to survey mining claims, so that one or more 
may be located in each mining district for the greater con¬ 
venience of miners. 

93. The usual oaths will be required of these surveyors 
and their assistants as to the correctness of each survey 
executed by them. 

The duty of the surveyor ceases when he has executed 
the survey and returned the field notes and preliminary 
plat thereof with his report to the Surveyor General. He 
will not be allowed to prepare for the mining claimant the 
papers in support of an application for patent, or otherwise 
perform the duties of an attorney before the land office in 
connection with a mining claim. 

The Surveyors General and local land officers are ex¬ 
pected to report any infringement of this regulation to this 
office. 

94. Should it appear that excessive or exorbitant 
charges have been made by any surveyor or any publisher, 
prompt action will be taken with the view of correcting 
the abuse. 

Surveys of Mining Claims. 

General Provisions. 

115. Under section 2334, U. S. Rev. Stats., the U. S. 
Surveyor General “may appoint in each land district con¬ 
taining mineral lands as many competent surveyors as 
shall apply for appointment to survey mining claims.” 

116. Persons desiring such appointments should there¬ 
fore file their applications with the Surveyor General for 
the district wherein appointment is asked, who will furnish 
all information necessary. 

117. All appointments of Mineral Surveyors must be 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


169 


submitted to the Commissioner of the General Land Office 
for approval. 

118. The Surveyors General have authority to suspend 
or revoke the commissions of Mineral Surveyors for 
cause. Before final action, however, the matter should be 
submitted to the Commissioner of the General Land Office 
for approval. 

119. Such surveyors will be allowed the right of appeal 
from the action of the Surveyor General in the usual man¬ 
ner. Such appeal should be filed with the Surveyor Gen¬ 
eral, who will at once transmit the same, with full report, 
to the General Land Office. 

120. Neither the Surveyor General nor the Commis¬ 
sioner of the General Land Office has jurisdiction to settle 
differences, relative to the payment of charges for field 
work, between Mineral Surveyors and claimants. These are 
matters of private contract and must be enforced in the 
ordinary manner, i. e., in the local courts. The Department 
has, however, authority to investigate charges affecting the 
official actions of Mineral Surveyors, and will, on sufficient 
cause shown, suspend or revoke their appointment. 

121. The Surveyors General should appoint as many 
competent Mineral Surveyors as apply for appointment, in 
order that claimants may have a choice of surveyors, and 
be enabled to have their work done on the most adavan- 
tageous terms. 

122. The schedule of charges for office work should be 
as low as is possible. No additional charges should be 
made for orders for amended surveys, unless the necessity 
therefor is clearly the fault of the claimant, or considerable 
additional office work results therefrom. 

123. In cases where the error in the original survey is 
due to the carelessness or neglect of the surveyor who 
made it, he should be required to make the necessary cor¬ 
rections in the field at his own expense, and the Surveyor 
General should advise him that the penalty for failure to 


170 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


comply with instructions within a specified time will be 
the suspension or revocation of his commission. 

124. Mineral Surveyors will address all official commu¬ 
nications to the Surveyor General. They will, when a min¬ 
ing claim is the subject of correspondence, give the name 
and survey number. In replying to letters they will give 
the subject-matter and date of the letter. They will 
promptly notify the Surveyor General of any change in 
postoffice address. 

125. Mineral Surveyors should keep a complete record 
of each survey made by them and the facts coming to their 
knowledge at the time, as well as copies of all their field 
notes, reports, and official correspondence, in order that 
such evidence may be readily produced when called for at 
any future time. Field notes and other reports must be 
written in a clear and legible hand or typewritten, in non¬ 
copying ink, and upon the proper blanks furnished gratui¬ 
tously by the Surveyor’s General office upon application 
therefor. No interlineations or erasures will be allowed. 

126. No return by a Mineral Surveyor will be recog¬ 
nized as official unless it* is over his signature as a United 
States Mineral Surveyor, and made in pursuance of a 
special order from the Surveyor General’s office. After he 
has received an order for survey he is required to make 
the survey and return correct field notes thereof to the Sur¬ 
veyor General’s office without delay. 

127. The claimant is required, in all cases, to make 
satisfactory arrangements with the surveyor for the pay¬ 
ment for his services and those of his assistants in making 
the survey, as the United States will not be held responsi¬ 
ble for the same. 

128. A Mineral Surveyor is precluded from acting, 
either directly or indirectly, as attorney in mineral claims. 
His duty in any particular case ceases when he has exe¬ 
cuted the survey and returned the field notes and prelim¬ 
inary plat, with his report, to the Surveyor General. He 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING 


171 


will not be allowed to prepare for the mining claimant the 
papers in support of his application for patent, or other¬ 
wise perform the duties of an attorney before the Land 
Office in connection with a mining claim. He is not per¬ 
mitted to combine the duties of surveyor and notary public 
in the same case by administering oaths to the parties in 
interest. 

It is preferable that both preliminary and final oaths of 
assistants should be taken before some officer duly author¬ 
ized to administer oaths, other than the Mineral Surveyor. 
In cases, however, where great delay, expense, or incon¬ 
venience would result from a strict compliance with this 
rule, the Mineral Surveyor is authorized to administer the 
necessary oaths to his assistants, but in each case where 
this is done, he will submit to the proper Surveyor General 
a full written report of the circumstances which required 
his stated action; otherwise he must have absolutely noth¬ 
ing to do with the case, except in his official capacity as 
surveyor. He will not'employ chainmen interested therein 
in any manner. 

In the Appendix will be found a copy of the “Manual of 
Instructions for the . Survey of the Mineral Lands of the 
United States,” 1909. 

The Surveyor General of Colorado has issued the follow¬ 
ing circular letter and requires Mineral Surveyors to comply 
strictly therewith: 

In your future work before this office you will comply 
in detail with the requirements contained in amended 
paragraph 147 of Mining Circular, and to insure uniform¬ 
ity in your returns will pay particular attention to the fol- 

L l 

lowing instructions: 

As said amendment requires that all conflicting sur¬ 
veys shall be shown according to the boundaries as each 
is marked, defined and accurately established upon the 
ground without regard to whether or not patents have is¬ 
sued for the claims in question; you will be required to 






172 


MINERAL. LAND SURVEYING. 


determine in each case that the monuments of conflicting 
claims as found upon the ground 'are the official monu¬ 
ments of the official surveys, or occupy the original posi¬ 
tion of the same. If this cannot be determined it will then 
be necessary to revert to the record and show said claims 
in their approved and patented positions. 

A strict compliance with paragraph 149 of the Mining 
Circular, which is in part as follows, will be required: 

“If in running the exterior lines of a claim the survey 
is found to conflict with the survey of another claim, the 
distances to the points of intersection and the courses 
and distances along the line intersects from an established 
corner of such conflicting claim to such points of intersec¬ 
tion, should be described in the field notes.” ***** 

This will necessitate the re-running by you of each line 
of a conflicting survey which intersects the exterior lines 
of the claim being surveyed; and a report upon the course, 
and if necessary, the length of the same. 

The section and quarter section in which a survey is 
located will be determined, assuming the subdivision field 
notes as returned by the Mineral Surveyor to be correct. 

You will further be required in the field notes, when 
connections' are given to a conflicting or neighboring sur¬ 
vey, to state whether or not said connection is given to the 
position of the claim as staked or as approved by this office. 

An additional note added at the end of the field notes, 

f 

under heading “Report,” will be required, stating: 

1st. How the lines of the survey, connections to con¬ 
flicting surveys and to the corner of the public survey or 
U. S. Location Monument, were determined. 

2nd. A description of the section corner or U. S. Loca¬ 
tion Monument to which connection is given in the field 
notes. 

3rd. A full description of all corners of conflicting 
claims to which connections are given in the field notes, 
together with a statement of how and by what visible evi- 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


173 


dence you are able to identify the same as being the official 
monuments of the claim in question. 

4th. A statement showing how the courses and lengths 
of the intersecting boundary lines of conflicting- surveys 
were determined. 


The following circular letter is also of interest: 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, 

Office of 

United States Surveyor General, for the District of Colorado. 

Denver, Colo., May 25, 1892. 

To Applicants for Mineral Survey Orders 
in the District of Colorado: 

You are informed that in numerous cases' the certified 
copies of location certificates filed in this office with appli¬ 
cations for mineral survey orders are so defective that or¬ 
ders cannot be based thereon. This is a very important 
matter, and locators cannot exercise too much care in de¬ 
fining their locations at the outset, inasmuch as the act of 
Congress of May 10, 1872, provides “That all records of 
mining claims hereafter made shall contain the name or 
names of the locators, the date of location, and such a de¬ 
scription of the claim or claims located by reference to 
some natural object or permanent monument as will iden¬ 
tify the claim.” 

It is also provided by the General Statutes of Colorado, 
section 2400, that “Any location certificate of a lode claim 
which shall not contain the name of the lode, the name of 
the locator, the date of location, the number of lineal feet 
claimed on each side of the discovery shaft, the general 
course of the lode and such description as shall identify 
the claim with reasonable certainty, shall be void.” 

One or’ more of these requirements is often omitted in 
location certificates submitted to this office, and you are 
therefore advised, before filing your application, to see that 



174 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


your location has been made in conformity with law and 
regulations, and that the claim for which patent is sought 
is properly described. 

A fruitful source of delay is the failure of applicants, 
their agents or attorneys, to thoroughly examine the copies 
of location certificates received from the county clerk, 
comparing the same with the original, to see that clerical 
errors have been avoided. The discovery of such errors 
in this office necessitates the return of the document for 
correction; causes delay in the issuance of the order for 
survey, and, by allowing the intervention of other orders 
with prior numbers, retards the approval of the survey 
often for many weeks. You are therefore requested, be¬ 
fore filing a copy of a location certificate in this office to 
examine the same carefully and see: 

That the distances given each way from the discovery 
do not aggregate more than 1,500 feet, and equal the length 
of the claim along the vein, as determined from the de¬ 
scription by metes and bounds thereof. That not more 
than the statutory limit is claimed on either side of the 
discovery,* that the discovery is not described in one place 
as a shaft and in another as a cut or tunnel; that the 
end lines are parallel; that the courses and distances given 
as the boundaries of the claim close; that the dates are 
correct and consistent; that the name of the claim is leg¬ 
ibly written; that the certificate of the county clerk is 
properly sealed, dated, signed, correctly gives the name of 
the claim and designates the instrument, as a location, 
amended, additional or relocation certificate, as the case 
may be. The importance of attending to these details in 

___ h 

* Note.—Colorado Statutes, Section 2398: The width 
of lode claims hereafter located in Gilpin, Clear Creek, 
Boulder and Summit counties, shall be seventy-five feet on 
each side of the center of the vein or crevice; and in all 
other counties the width of the same shall be one hundred 
and fifty feet on each side of the center of the vein or 
crevice. 



MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


175 


the matter of location will be the more readily perceived 
when it is understood that a failure to gi^e the subject 
proper attention may invalidate the claim. 

E. C. HUMPHREY, 

United States Surveyor General for Colorado. 

, 

Records. 

As the Mineral Surveyor and others are constantly re¬ 
quired to consult the records on file in the Surveyor’s Gen¬ 
eral office, it will be well to give an account of the methods 
used in the Colorado office: 

All claims are indexed alphabetically and numerically. 
In the alphabetical index there is no information except 
the name of the claim, its number and land district. In the 
numerical index is given the number of the claim, the name 
or names, the claimant, surveyor, date of filing, plat book 
number, field book number, date of patent or cancellation, 
township and section, and, under remarks, any further 
information. The plat books, of which there are over two 
hundred at present, each contain about one hundred fac- 
similies of the plats of approved claims. These plats show 
at a glance the position of the claim and its conflicts, the 
net area being colored, conflicts, ties, intersections, im¬ 
provements, etc., and are probably the most consulted by 
those desiring information. For additional information the 
bound field notes filed by the Mineral Surveyor are used. 
In addition, all correspondence with the General Land 
Office, if any, is kept on file and may be consulted if re¬ 
quired. The so-called connected sheets embrace each a 
square mile on which all claims in the area embraced are 
platted on a scale of 300 feet to the inch. Notes from any 
of these records may be made by anyone interested or 
entitled to information, or copies certified or otherwise will 
be made in the Surveyor’s General office for a nominal fee. 

The Mineral Surveyor as a rule finds it necessary to 

keep a complete record of the claims in his district for the 




176 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


benefit of his clients, and is required by the General Land 
Office to keep a complete record of all official work done by 
himself. In this way every Mineral Surveyor’s office is a 
more or less complete reproduction of the Surveyor’s Gen¬ 
eral office in miniature as far as his own district is con¬ 
cerned. The writer’s method of keeping records is as fol¬ 
lows: 

The card catalogue system is employed throughout where 
possible. Each claim is catalogued alphabetically on cards 
(with a number of names of claims on each card), and also 
catalogued numerically with one number to each card. 
This latter card contains data as follows: 

Sur. No. 16721. Name Silver Star. 

Surveyor John Smith. Date March 20, 1903. 

Notes Scrap Book 101. Plats Vol. 12. 

Maps 

N. W. Sec. 31, T. 3 S., R. 73 W. Patent June 20, 1905. 

District Montana. 

Claimant Henry Jones. 

Area 5.045 acres. 

Remarks 

These constitute the index cards. 

The skeleton field notes, an example of which is given 
below, are also copied on a card which is catalogued nu¬ 
merically. (These should contain the metes and bounds 
of the claim, the section ties and ties to other claims, and 
it is well to have a note of the corners, whether they be 
stones, posts, etc.): 

16721 Silver Star. 

1 S. E. 25-3-74 N. 38° 51' W. 1961.7. 


1-2 

S. 50°> 30' E. 

150 


1 n 

stone 

2-3 

S. 30° 30'W. 

1500 


2 = 

tree 

3-4 

.N. 50° 30'W. 

150 


3 = 

stone 

4-1 

N. 30° 30' E. 

1500 


4 = 

stone 

1-6-15950 

Golden lode 

- N. 5° 

38' 

E. 

20.6 

3-2- 1820 

Bear lode 

- N. 30° 

10' 

W. 

75.8 


The cards have all the advantages common to the card 
system in general, and also the advantage over books, that 
several people can work in the same office without get- 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


177 


ting- in each other’s way by wanting the same volume of 
notes at the same time, or having to copy the notes de¬ 
sired out of a book. Then, too, the cards can be taken into 
the field, and thus copying of notes is avoided. While the 
skeleton field notes of old claims have to be copied, in the 
case of new claims the published notes of the claim are 
simply pasted on the cards, after checking, and afterwards 
any further informaton likely to be required is added. 
The official plats of the claim are also copied and bound 
up in plat books in every way similar to those in the Sur¬ 
veyor’s General office, but as a rule without the intersec¬ 
tions. On these plats the areas actually patented are col¬ 
ored. 

The carbon copies of all field notes made or acquired 
are bound together. In addition the connected sheets for 
these sections required in the Clear Creek and Gilpin dis¬ 
tricts have been copied in the Surveyor’s General office and 
transferred to protractor sheets exactly like those used in 
that office. 

In order to give an idea of larger areas of country than 
that given by one section, another set of maps is also made 
up where nine sections are combined in one sheet and 
the- claims colored to show at a glance what area each 
has patented. These sheets of nine square miles each are 
arranged in a roller map case. 

Field note books are paged consecutively and card cat¬ 
alogued. Thus in the system used, page 1213 means note 
book, volume 12 , pqge 13. 

All figuring is done on sheets of paper of equal size, 
and filed, each claim by itself, in congress envelopes. 

Carbon copies of all location certificates are filed in an 
arch letter file. 

The Globe-Wernicke and similar filing cabinets afford 
the best means of preserving these various devices, with 

the exception of the large plats. 

The connected sheets are kept in a case made especially 

for them. 





CHAPTER VIII. 


Examination for Commission as U. S. Mineral Surveyor. 


This examination in Colorado consists of problems in 
calculation of closing line in a twelve or thirteen-sided 
placer, together with calculation of area by Double Merid¬ 
ian Distance Method, calculation of lode line to fit an 
irregular claim, calculation of ties, intersections and areas 
in an actual approved survey together with writing up a 
complete set of field notes. A problem on the subdivision 
of a section of the public survey is usually added. The ap¬ 
plicant is also required to determine a correct meridian 
from solar observation and must do this with his own 
transit. There are of course other problems, but they in 
no way differ from those numerous examples that have 
been given and explained in the course of this work. A 
few examples will, however, be given in detail to illustrate 
special cases. One favorite problem which is of consider¬ 
able importance is the one first mentioned above, and is as 
follows: 

Placer Calculations. 

Given: The courses and lengths of lines 1 to 13 of a 
certain placer. (Fig. 34.) It is desired to amend the sur¬ 
vey making Cors. Ncs. 2 and 12 identical with the corners 
of the original survey, the courses of lines 1-2 and 12-13 
to remain the same, and the course of line 13-1 to be S. 33° 
34' E., the new placer to contain an area of 35 acres. Re¬ 
quired, the lengths of lines 12-13 and 1-2. 

In figuring the missing course and distance of line 13-1, 
reference should be made to the latitudes and departures 




-Latitudes— —Departures—• 

Station. Course. Distance. North. South. East. West. D. M. D. N. Areas. S. Areas. 

1-2 S 87° 19' W.1108.73 . 51.91 . 1107.51 1107.51 . 57490.83 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING 


179 



• 

o 




05 

to 

rH 



rH 

05 






* 

05 




00 

rH 

tH 



tH 

rH 






. 

co 




tH 

tH 

tH 



rH 

LO 






• 

to 




tH 

O 

tH 



to 

o 






• 

o. 




CO 

OO 

O 



to 

tH 







03 




CO 

oo 

rH 



CO 

03 






• 

rH 




tH 

00 

03 



05 

LO 






• 

CO 




H 

1 




rH 

GO 






• 

03 




rH 






rH 





o 

o 

. 

o 

o 

"H" 1 



i • 


O 


LO 

05 



cO 

04 

o 

* 

05 

r-1 

to 




CO 

O 


CO 

rH 



00 

tH 

03 

• 

co 

o 

to 




to 

CO 


to 

to 



05 


l— 

• 

CO 

o 

03 




to 

GO 


o 

o 



05 

00 

GO 

• 

03 

rH 

T—1 




LO 

03 


o 

tH 



03 

l o 

lo 

• 

t— 

03 

to 




03 

03 


rH 

03 



00 

00 

05 

• 

co 

to 

to 




co 

CO 


CO 

to 



03 

03 

rH 

• 

in 

rH 

CO 




rH 



03 

00 



rH 



• 

CO 


03 







tH 

rH 



03 

















/—N 

05 

rH 

to 

00 

CO 

CO 

O 

CO 

03 

O 

to 

LO 





03 

o 

03 

CO 

05 

rH 

tH 

rH 

03 

rH 

05 

o 

LO 






CO 

tH 

00 

IH 

00 

to 

rH 

rH 

CO 

CO 

LO 

to 






05 

CO 

CO 

03 

tH 

to 

OO 

rH 

05 

CO 

H 

CO 






rH 

o 

L"- 

rH 

00 

oo 

IH 

rH 

03 

tH 

tH 

03 






03 

CO 

co 

rH 

rH 

Tt< 

CO 

03 

rH 









tH 

LO 

05 

rH 

rH 





o 



t — 





o 

o 

o 

to 

CO 





rH 



05 





rH 

o 

tH 

00 

H 





03 



rH 





oo 

05 

00 

o 

rH 





05 


• 

O 





03 

03 

CO 

CO 

tH 





rH 



i- 

















03 










rH 

03 

03 

03 


to 

LO 

r- 










o 

CO 

CO 

CO 


05 

to 

05 






• 



. 

rH 

o 

05 

00 


CO 

to 

rH 






• 




co 

rH 

03 

rH 


rH 

CO 

O 










rH 

05 

rH 

l- 


03 

03 

tH 






• 



• 








03 






. 

CO 




00 

rH 

o 


. 

U5 

rH 







05 




o 

05 

CO 


• 

rH 

CO 







00 


. 


H 

03 

CO 


• 

rH 

to 






• 

05 


• 


T—< 

03 

rH 


• 

CO 

CO 







co 




CO 

CO 




CO 

03 

















03 



















rH 

05 















03 

tH 

rH 

CO 

• 

00 

00 

03 




LO 

rH 


rH 


tH 

CO 

tO 

00 

• 

ih 

rH 

O 




rH 

rH 


50 


03 

o 













* 


rH 

05 

rH 

CO 

• 

o 

rH 

to 




CO 

iH 


to 


00 

CO 

rH 

co 

• 

LO 

CO 

oo 




o 

00 


I CO 


O 

CO 

rH 


• 

00 


rH 




CO 



03 



• 

• 













03 


CO 

II 

rH 

|| 

O 

o 

o 

o 

o 

O 

o 

O 

O 

O 

rH 

tH 



CO 


lO 

o 

rH 

o 

o 

O 

o 

co 

LO 

o 

O 

o 



05 


CO 

L- 

CO 

LO 

to 

03 

03 

tH 

GO 

CO 

05 

tH 



05 

o 

o 

05 

07. 

o 

rf 

rH 

CO 

CO 

rH 

CO 

LO 

CO 



rH 

co 

CO 

03 

IH 

05 

rH 

tO 

05 

LO 

tH 

co 

03 

CO 

1 


rH 

LO 













1 


rH 

CO 















rH 

rH 















03 
















rH 


£ 

£ 

k 

£ 

£ 

H 

H 

H 

H 

£ 

H 

H 



to 

o 

he 

o 






V 






v 






o 

LO 

CO 

co 

LO 

rH 

GO 

to 

03 

o 

rH 

CO 






LO 

CO 

CO 

IO 

CO 

rH 

O 

o 

~H 

rH 

03 

-H 






o 

o 

o 

o 

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 







tH 

00 

05 

t- 

CO 

rH 

CO 

CO 

tH 

O 

LO 






CO 

tH 

03 

T —1 

tH 

rH 

IH 

LO 

CO 

rH 

IH 

rH 






£ 

£ 

m 

z 

£ 

£ 

W. 

xn 

m 

£ 

£ 

m 













O 

rH 

03 

CO 







CO 

^H 

to 

co 

L- 

00 

05 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 






03 

CO 

rH 

to 

CO 

tH 

CO 

05 

O 

rH 

03 

CO 














rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 









27.873=1.4451842 1214149.93 sq. ft. 






















































180 MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 

of courses 1 to 13, included in computing the area by 
Double Meridian Distances. 



The sum of the north latitudes is found to be 2235.61, 
and the sum of the south latitudes is found to be 1401.16, 
which latter subtracted from the north latitudes leaves a 
north latitude of 834.45. In like manner subtracting the 
sum of the east departures, 2466.42, from the sum of the 
west departures, 2701.97, leaves a west departure of 235.55. 

log 834.45 = 2.9214003 log 834.45 = 2.9214003 

log 235.55 = 2.3720831 log cos 15° 46' = 9.9833449 


log cot 15° 46' = 0.5493172 log 867.07 = 2.9380554 

Missing course = S. 15° 46' E. 867.07 ft. 

In the triangle ABC draw AC parallel to DE, whoso 
course is given as S. 33° 34' E. Line AB we have found to 


be 

S. 15 

0 46' 

E. 867.07 feet. 
















A = 

= 17° 

48' 

A : 

O 

CO 

CO 

II 

34' 

B = 87° 19' C = 

O 

CO 

CO 

11 

CO 

180° 

00' 

B = 

= 103° 

05' 


15° 

46' 

15° 46' 

87° 

19' 

120° 

53' 

C = 

= 59° 

07' 


17° 

48' 

103° 05' 

120° 

53' 

59° 

07' 


180° 

00' 


sin 59° 07' : 867.07 = sin 103° 05' : ? 
sin 59° 07' : 867.07 = sin 17° 48' : ? 










MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 181 


log 

log sin 
colog sin 

867.07 = 2.938054 
103° 05' = 9.988578 

59° 07' = 0.066404 

log 

log sin 
colog sin 

867.07 = 1938054 
17° 48' = 9.485289 
59° 07' — 0.066404 

log 

984.09 = 2.993036 

log 

308.85 = 2.489747 


Area = y 2 (867.07 X 308.85 X sin 

103° 05') 

log 

log 

log sin 
colog 

867.07 = 2.938054 

308.85 = 2.489747 

103° 05' = 9.988578 

87120 = —5.059882 



log 

2.994 = 0.476261 




Construct the triangle ACF. Line AF is a prolongation 
of line 12-13, and line CF is a prolongation of line 1-2. 

A = 103° 55' 


A = 70° 21' C = 

33° 34' 180° 

O 

o 

II 

00 

0 19' C = 

59° 07' 

33° 34' 

87° 19' 120° 

53' 70 

° 21' F = 

16° 58' 

103° 55' 

120° 53' 59° 

07' 16 

° 

cn 

00 

1 

180° 00' 

sin 16° 

58' : 984.09 

= sin 103° 55' : ? 



sin 16° 

58' : 984.09 

= sin 59° O' 

7' : ? 



log 

984.09 = 

2.993035 

log 

984.09 = 

2.993035 

log sin 

103° 55' = 

9.987061 

log sin 

59° 07' = 

9.933596 

colog sin 16° 58- = 

0.534892 

colog sin 

16° 58' = 

0.534892 

log 

3273.32 = 

3.514988 

log 

2894.17 = 

3.461523 


Area - • 

y 2 (984,09 X 2894.17 X sin 

103° 55') 


log 

984.09 = 

2.993035 




log 

2894.17 = 

3.461524 

■ 



log sin 

103° 55' = 

9.987061 




colog 

87120 = - 

-5.059882 




log 

31.732 = 

1.501502 




The 

area of the placer was' found to 

be 27.873 acres. 


The area . of the quadrilateral ADBE is therefore the dif¬ 
ference between 35 acres, the required acreage, and 27.873 











182 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


acres, which is 7.127 acres. The area of the triangle ABC 
was found to be 2.994 acres; then the area of the quadri¬ 
lateral ADCE is the difference between 7.127 acres and 2.994 
acres, or 4.133 acres. The area of the triangle ACF has 
been found to be 31.732 acres. Therefore the area of the 
triangle DEF is 31.732 acres + 4.133 acres, or 35.865 acres. 


By geometry— 


31. 

732 : 

984 

09 2 

= 35.865 

31. 

732 : 

3273 

32 2 

= 35.865 

31. 

732 : 

2894 

17 2 

= 35.865 

log 

984 

09 2 r 

= 5. 

986070 

log 

35 

865 = 

= 1 . 

554671 




7. 

540741 

log 

31 

732 = 

= 1 . 

501502 


2)6.039232 


log 1046.21 = 3.019619 

log 2894.17 2 = 6.923046 
log 35.865=1.554671 


8.477717 
log 31.732=1.501502 


2)6.976215 


log 3076.86 = 3.488107 

BC = 308.85 1-2 = 

EC = 206.63 BE = 


BE = 514.48 E-2 = 


DE 2 

EF 2 

DF C 


log 

3273.32 2 = 7.029978 

log 

35.865 = 1.554671 


8.584649 

log 

31.732 = 1.501502 


2)7.083147 

log 

3479.95 =3.541573 


DF = 
AF = 

3076.86 

2894.17 

AD = 

182.69 

EF = 
CF = 

3479.95 

3273.32 

EC = 

206.63 


1108.73 

12-13 = 

259.04 

514.48 

AD = 

182.69 

1623.21 

12-D = 

441.73 


Another method of working this problem is as follows: 
The area of the quadrilateral ADCE has been found as in 
the previous figuring The following formula will give th? 
altitude: 


















MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


183 


Let x = altitude 

Let K = cot E — cot A 

Let A = area of ADCE (4.135 acres = 180,033 sq. ft. 
Let D = 984.09 ft. (line AC) 


x = 


1 

K 


( 


± V 2AK + D 2 —D 


) 


nat cot 59° 07' = .59809 
nat cot 76° 05' = .24778 


log 984.09 = 2.9930348 
log to square = 2.9930348 


K 


.35031 


log 968433.12=5.9860696 


/- 


x = 


.35031 


( V2 X 180033 X .35031 + 968433.12—984.09) 


log 

200 = 

0.3010300 

126135.00 

log 

180033.00 = 

5.2553533 

D 2 = 968433.12 

log 

0.35031 = - 

-1.5444525 




— 

1094678.12 

log 

126,135 = 

5.1008358 


The square root of 1,094,678.12 

is found as follows: 

log 

1094678.12 = 

6.0392436 

1046.21 


2)6.0392436 

- 

984.09 


3.0196218 = 

log 1046.21 

62.12 

log 

62.12 = 

1.793231 


log 

.35031 = 

—1.544452 


log 

177.33 = 

2.248779 = x 



In the right triangle ADo, we have Do 
angle D = 70° 21' — 56° 26' = 13° 55' 


177.33 feet, the 


log 177.33 = 2.248779 
log tan 13° 55' = 9.394073 


log 177.33=2.248779 
log cos 13° 55' = 9.987061 


log 43.94 = 1.642852 log 182.69 = 2.261718 

It is seen here that line AD, 182.69, checks with the for¬ 
mer work 

In the right triangle CEn, we have Cn = 177,33 feet, and 
the angle E = 59° 07' 















184 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


log 177.33 = 2.248779 log 177.33 =2.248779 

log cot 59° 07' = 9.776769 log sin 59° 07' = 9.933596 


log 106.06 = 2.025548 log 206.62 = 2.315183 

Line CE, 206.62, also checks line CE in the first method. 
984.09 = AC 
43.94 = Ao 


940.15 = oC = Dn 
106.06 = nE 

1046.21 = DE 


Calculation of Lode Line. 

Given the boundaries of a claim, calculate the lode line 
parallel to the side lines, and the points at which the lode 
line intersects the end lines. No point on the lode line to 
be in excess of 150 feet from either side line. Lode line 
to be 1,500 feet long. 

/ East 702’ 2 



The boundaries are as follows: Beginning- at Cor. No. 
1, thence E. 702 ft. to Cor. No. 2; thence S. 58° E 800 ft. 
to Cor. No. 3; thence S. 30° W. 300 ft. to Cor. No. 4: 
thence N. 58° W. 800 ft. to Cor. No. 5; thence W. 702 ft. 








MINERAL. LAND SURVEYING. 


185 


to Cor. No. 6; thence N. 30° E. 300 ft. to Cor. No. 1, the 
place of beginning. (See Fig. 35, which shows conditions 
necessarily greatly exaggerated.) The side b is drawn 
parallel to the end lines in the triangle whose sides are 
a, b and c. 


800 -(- a + 702—c — 1500 
1502 + a—c = 1500 
c—a = 2 

' a sin 88° 

—-a = 2 

sin 60° 

a sin 88°—a sin 60° = 2 sin 60° 

2 sin 60° 


a = 




sin 88° 

— sin 60° 

sin 

60° = .86603 

log 1.73206 = 

0.238698 


2 

log .13336 = - 

—1.125025 


1.73206 

log 12.99 = 

1.113673 

sin 

88° = .99939 



sin 

60° = .86603 




.13336 




In the triangle whose side a we have found to be 12.99, 
the sides b and c are found as follows: 


a sin 88° 

c —- 

sin 60° 


sin 60° : 12.99 = sin 32° : ? 
sin 60° : 12.99 = sin 88° : ? 


log 12.99 = 1.113673 

log sin 32° = 9.724210 

colog sin 60° = 0.062469 

log 7.95 = 0.900352 


log 12.99=1.113673 

log sin 88° = 9.999735 
colog sin 60° = 0.062469 


log 14.99 = 1.175877 


800 + 12.99 + 702 — 14.99 = 1500 = lode line 











186 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


800. 702. 687.01 

12.99 14.99 * 812.99 


812.99 687.01 1500.00 

The distance of the lode line at its intersection with 
line 6-1 is found to be 157.95 feet from Cor. No. 6, and 
142.05 feet from Cor. No. 1, by adding the distance 7.95 
feet (b) in one case, and subtracting in the other, to and 
from 150 feet. 

In the triangle DEL draw DE perpendicular to the side 
line. Multiplying the side LD (157.95) by the sine of the 
angle L, 60°, we get the distance of the lode line from line 
5-6, which is 136.80 feet. 













MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


187 


Subdivision of Section. 

Given the boundaries of a section (Fig. 36) to determine 
the boundaries of the S. E. *4 of the N. W. %, the S. % 
of the N. E. % and the N. E. % of the S. E. % sections. 


s. 

86° 17' 

E. 

5735.7 

feet. 

N. 

3° 33' 30" 

W. 

5439.2 

feet. 

N. 

78° 43' 30" 

W. 

2792.8 

feet. 

N. 

89° 28' 30" 

W. 

2759.46 

feet. 

S. 

1° 19' 

E. 

2812.1 

feet. 

S. 

0° 58' 

E. 

2817.4 

feet. 


General Figuring. 

In Fig. 37 we have an example of a problem given the 
writer in his examination for a commission as United 

States Deputy Mineral Surveyor. Given the data shown in 
the figure, calculate boundaries of St. Louis Lode (cutting 


Suff. No 9666 Sr. Lou/s Lode 




188 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


off at intersection of end line with Sur. No. 8556 Den¬ 
ver Lode), section tie directly, ties to conflicting- claims, 
and conflicts in each case, also ties to improvements. Then 
write up the notes, giving - imaginary bearings from corners 
and imaginary dimensions to improvements. Do not ex¬ 
clude Surs. Nos. 8733 and 8853, New York and Chicago 
lodes, and state why. 

South Dakota.* 

Following is a partial list of questions asked in South 
Dakota: 

1. I run 360 feet on a descent of 1 foot in 15 feet, 
thence 240 feet on an ascent of 11° from the horizontal, 
thence 400 feet on a descent of 1 foot in 16 feet, thence 
250 feet up an ascent of 35°. 

Required total horizontal distance, also difference of 
level of the initial and terminal points. State a full solu¬ 
tion with sketch. 

2. From initial point I run S. 12° E. 650 feet, and am 
intercepted by a pond. From 650-foot point I run S. 82° E., 
a distance sufficient to clear pond, thence S. 28° W. 420 
feet to flag on line in advance of pond, thence S. 12° E. 460 
feet to terminal point. 

Required the length of line from initial to terminal 
point. State a full solution with sketch. 

3. I run S. 38° E. and at 380 feet turn off a base N. 
82° E. 520 feet, from the eastern extremity of which a flag 
on line in advance of river bears S, 8° E. 

What is the distance of flag from initial point? State 
a full solution with sketch. 

4. Course No. 2 of Delta mining claim is broken into 
by a rock bluff, unfavorable to accurate chainage. To ob¬ 
tain the bearing and length of this line, I run from one 

* These questions kindly furnished by Prof. Mark Ehle. 
Rapid City, South Dakota. 



MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


189 


extremity on a random line S. 28° E. 610 feet, thence N. 
82° E. 260 feet, thence S. 12° W. to a point’which from the 
data so far obtained I find to be on my random line; thence 
I continue the first random 340 feet further and arrive 
at a point from which the other extremity of said course 
No. 2 bears S. 62° W., 110 feet distant. 

What is the bearing and length of course No. 2? What 
angle do I deflect from the course S. .12° W. in order to 
line in with the first random State a full solution with 
sketch. 

5. The two extremities of a straight line forming a por¬ 
tion of the boundary of a mining claim are not conveniently 
accessible, but a convenient base can be had, from each 
extremity of which both extremities of said boundary can 
be seen. 

1st. Illustrate this condition with sketch. 

2nd. State the measurements, both linear and 
angular, which are absolutely essential to a solution. 

3rd. State briefly the trigonometric solution and 
their respective purposes, with their respective 
formulae. 

4th. Trace the process to a final resulting course 
and distance. 

A numerical example is not asked. 

6. State a convenient formula applicable to what is 
known as a “broken base,” using the number of minutes 
in the deflection angle of the second component. 

7. Given the following consecutive courses of a mining 
claim: 

From Cor. No. 1 to. Cor No. 2, — S. 28° 40'W. 503 feet; 

From Cor. No. 2 to Cor. No. 3, — N. 70° 30 , W. 476 feet; 

From Cor. No. 3 to Cor. No. 4, = N. 9°35'E. 485 feet; 
From Cor. No. 4 to Cor. No. 5 = ? 343 feet; 

From Cor. No. 5 to Cor. No. 1, — N. 79° 50' E. ? feet; 




190 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


1st. Required bearing of line 4-5 and length of line 
5-1. 

2nd. If by actual survey of all the sides, it is found 
that the line 5-1 is N. 79° 55' E. 395 feet, state a traverse 
showing the closing errors; then 

3rd. Balance the survey on the assumption that the 
measurements have equal weights. 

4th. Deduce the resulting courses and distances of the 
closing survey for record. 

5th. Compute the area of the figure so enclosed, by 
the method of D. M. D. State full solution with sketch. 

8. An incline descends on a dip of 30°. It is determined 
to sink a shaft to intercept incline, the shaft to be at a 
point 450 feet from mouth of incline; the surface from 
mouth to shaft descending at a rate of 1 foot in 75. 

How deep will the shaft be? 

9. What is azimuth 

10. Observe Polaris at greatest elongation at a place in 
latitude 45° 30' N. Apparent of the star is 88° 44' 10". 

What is the star’s azimuth? 

State the formula and whole process. 

What are the two hour angles corresponding to east¬ 
ern and western elongations respectively, counting from 
culmination, round with the sun to 24 hours, and their 
equivalents in mean solar time? 

11. If in the last example the star is observed at east¬ 
ern elongation and its magnetic bearing at that instant is 
N. 13° 20' W., 

What is the magnetic declination? 

Is it to be called East or West? 

State process and reason therefor. 

12. U. S. Revised Statutes (2320) limit lode claims 
located after May 10, 1872, to 300 feet on each side of 
the middle of the vein at the surface; suppose you were 
called upon to make an official survey of such a location 
under order from this office, and found it to be 350 feet 




MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


191 


on each side of the middle of the vein at the surface, and 
you found nothing- in the location certificate to dictate to 
the contrary; what would be your action in respect to 
such a location? Why? Suppose such a location was 200 
feet on one side of the vein and 400 feet on the other; 
what would your action be? Why? 

13. A lode claim located since May 10, 1872, shows a 
length of 1,529 feet along the center of the vein at the 
surface. What would be your action in this case? Why? 

14. The boundaries of a lode location have the follow¬ 
ing consecutive courses', namely; 

S. 42° W. 800 feet; 

S. 22° W. 600 feet; 

N. 80° W. 90 feet; 

S. 62° W. 200 feet; 

N. 22° E. 600 feet; 

N. 42° E. 800 feet; 

N. 62° E. 190 feet; thence to place of beginning. 

« 

What would your action be on this location if required 
to make an official survey Why? 

15. I run N. 89° 56' W. on a random line between Secs. 
30 and 31, and at 73.20 chains intersect the west boundary 
of township at a point 22 links north of the corner of Secs. 
25, 30, 31 and 36. 

1st. What is the course of the return or true line? 

2nd. The position of the % section corner? 

3rd. State a short rule for obtaining the return course 
in these cases, applicable when the fallings are within 
limits, and apply to the above case. 

16. An order to officially survey a mineral claim is 
issued to you from this office under date March 12, 1900; 
said order is based upon a location certificate dated Janu¬ 
ary 10, 1899. Upon proceeding with survey, you find the 
location as marked on the ground does not conform to 
the location as recorded, and upon informing your client 




192 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


to that effect he provides you with a certified amended 
certificate of location dated March 30, 1900. 

What action would you take in the matter of survey? 

17. Describe fully your instrument, stating its make, 
age and condition; also its capabilities as to power, illu¬ 
mination and graduation, and its attachments of conveni¬ 
ence for safe and accurate work. 

What measure of length have you? 

18. If your telescope has a level, state briefly in writ¬ 
ing how you would adjust it and the horizontal hair. 

19. The usual method for adjusting the vertical hair in 
a transit for collimation, may or may not place that hair 
truly in the center of the telescope. In a well constructed 
instrument the displacement will be small; in such case, 
what sensible effect has this displacement upon observa¬ 
tions, seeing that the motion of the slide will not project 
this hair truly along the axis of the telescope? 

20. It is required that you determine the true meridian 
by direct solar observation. You will make the observa¬ 
tion in the presence of the examiner, who will then fur- 

i 

nish you with a copy of the nautical almanac. From the 
data then at hand you will make all necessary calcula¬ 
tions, handing in the same complete. 

21. In latitude 30° N. the sun’s declination 20° S. with 
hour angle 5 hours; the refraction in declination is 8' 50". 

Assuming no index error, which would be the correct 
reading to set off on the declination arc, proper for the 
above date? 

22. In latitude 44" N. the hour angle of the sun 6 hours. 
I start a line due north by solar; but find after running a 
mile in the course so started, that I have set off 6' too 
much latitude. 

What is the nature and amount of error in course thus 
induced ? 

If in the above the hour angle is 3 hours, what is the 
nature and amount of error? 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


193 


If the latitude is correctly set off, but instead of a 
declination of 10° S. I set off 10° 10' S., the hour angle 
of the sun being 3 hours, what then is the nature and 
amount of the error thus introduced? 

State, if you can, the differential formulae applicable to 
these cases. 

California.* 

The customary manner of appointment in this and the 
adjoining- states is as follows: 

“The surveyor who wishes an appointment, makes ap¬ 
plication to the Surveyor General, detailing his qualifica¬ 
tions. This application, together with the recommenda¬ 
tion from some Mineral Surveyor of good standing 
within that district, is then forwarded to the Surveyor’s 
General Office, and in due time the appointment is made. 
The customary filing of the bonds complete the appoint¬ 
ment of the U. S. Mineral Surveyor. 

“If the surveyor desire an appointment in any other state 
or territory, I have found that a recommendation from the 
Surveyor General of the state in w’hich the original ap¬ 
pointment was made, was all that was necessary to ob¬ 
tain a commission in any additional state or territory. Of 
course new and separte bonds must be filed for each 
state or territory in which commission is held.” 

Oregon.f 

The examination in Oregon is about as follows: 

1. Fifteen or twenty questions covering the Land Office 
rulings, the proper markings for corners of government 
land surveys, the methods of taking latitude by the sun 
and Polaris, the maximum number of acres allowed in 
quartz claim, placer and mill site, the kind of corners 
which may be set in making patent surveys, and various 
details of procedure in executing such surveys. 

* Kindness of Henry J. Jory, Los Angeles, California. 

f From H. G. Moulton, U. S. Deputy Mineral Surveyor, 
Grant’s Pass, Oregon. 


194 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


2. Given the notes of a quartz claim (metes, bounds 
and ties) and the location of the same, make out notes 
and preliminary plat of same as if surveyed for patent. 
This requires the same work to be done that a Deputy 
would have to do in making out his office work -of such a 
survey. 

3. Given the plat of the locations of four claims form¬ 
ing one group, and overlapping each other, with a section 
corner located on one of the center ones (this plat is fur¬ 
nished by the Surveyor General), make out notes of a sur¬ 
vey for U. S. patent of the group, with plat, calculations, 
etc. The claims are given on the plat furnished as longer 
than 1,500 feet and wider than 600 feet, so there is a test 
of ability in getting them within the required limits and 
at the same time not leave any fractions. 

4. An instrumental examination. Applicant is required 
to take a transit and determine latitude and meridian by 
sun and Polaris, checking upon an established meridian, 
and also to report the courses from a given point to a 
number of points whose bearing is known. 

Parts 2 and 3 are severe tests of applicant’s ability, and 
the examination as a whole is an exceedingly thorough one. 
It is the aim of the office to get the best available men of 
the state as surveyors, and the examination is in every way 
a fair one and free from “catch’’ questions. 

While this is all the information that the writer has 
been able to obtain on the subject of examinations for 
commission as U. S. Mineral Surveyor, it is safe to 
say that in no state is the examination more difficult 
than in Colorado or Oregon. If the applicant is able to 
pass the examination in either of these two states, the 
chances are that he will be able to pass in any state where 
an examination is held. 



MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 

THE PATENTING OF MINERAL LAND. 


195 


The layman who desires to secure United States patent 
on his mining property is not always cognizant of the 
proper procedure and approximate expense involved, and 
frequently either delays action, fearing that the matter is 
more formidable than it really is, or else takes unwar¬ 
ranted steps due to his ignorance of all the conditions in¬ 
volved. The following forms have been devised by me 
w T ith a view of obviating the above-mentioned difficulties 
and I claim that they put the matter of patents in as con¬ 
cise and at the same time as complete a form as the laity 
can desire. 

Preliminary Steps in the Obtainance of United States Pat¬ 
ent to Mineral Claims. 

1. Obtain from the county recorder a certified copy 
of the location notice of each claim upon which patent is 
sought. 

2. Deposit in any United States depository to the credit 
of the treasurer of the United States a jum sufficient to 
cover the expenses of the work in the Surveyors General 

office. In this state this is $.* for lode claims, and 

$.* for placers, with reduction for groups. 

3. ' Forward the certified copies of location notices, to¬ 
gether with the duplicate certificate of deposit to the United 

States Surveyor General at .. together 

with an application for official survey upon a blank issued 
by the general land office for this purpose, a copy of which 
may be had at this office. 

4. In due time the Surveyor General issues to the min¬ 
eral surveyor named in the application a survey order, in 
which a serial number is given to the particular survey au¬ 
thorized. This is the surveyor’s warrant for entering upon 
any lands necessary in order to make the survey. No sur- 

‘ vey is official unless in pursuance of an order from the Sur¬ 
veyor General of the district. 







196 


MINERAL. LAND SURVEYING. 


5. The United States mineral surveyor designated there- 
upon makes a complete survey of the premises, locating and 
fixing the corners of all the claims, locating the discovery 
points, all the shafts, cuts, tunnels, buildings, and machin- 
ery, with reference to the nearest corner of the claim. Also 
runs ties to the nearest section corners, or section cor¬ 
ners, or if upon unsurveyed land, then to the nearest min- 
eral monument. Assistants must be sworn in to faithful 
service both before and after the survey, before an officer 
qualified to administer oaths. Neither the claimants them¬ 
selves, nor agents thereof, may act as assistants in min¬ 
eral surveys. An underground survey must generally be 
made in order to plat the same upon the map, in plan only. 
All corner stones or posts must be up to government stand¬ 
ard, and chiseled or scribed with the claim initials, number 
of corner and survey number. 

6. Plat and Field Notes from the Mineral Surveyor to 
the Surveyor General.—These very commonly take double 
the time of the actual field work, as they must be prepared 
with absolute accuracy and fidelity to detail as required by 
the department. They must show, in addition to the data 
previously mentioned, the distances intersected on all the 
section lines, complete calculation of areas by double me¬ 
ridian distances, the sectional subdivisions made fractional, 
the'errors found in previous contiguous surveys, and many' 
other minor details. 

7. Examination of the Above by the Surveyor General. 
—The returns by the Mineral Surveyor must await their 
turn in the Surveyor General’s office before coming up for 
approval. This may take two or three months, or longer. 
The returns are then examined by a skilled force of clerks 
and deputies, all calculations, ties, boundaries, intersections, 
etc., are rechecked, and the notes and plat searched for ir¬ 
regularities. If any are found, the notes are returned to 
the surveyor for correction, and when again received, must 
generally await their turn for approval. In extreme cases 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


197 


it has taken several years to obtain the approval of a sur¬ 
vey. Three months is about the average time. 

. 8. Upon the approval of the survey, the Surveyor Gen¬ 

eral prepares an approved copy of the plat for claim 
in the survey, and three extra copies. One copy is re¬ 
tained, one forwarded to the general land office at Wash¬ 
ington, one to the local land office, and the other, with as 
many transcripts of the field notes, is returned to the 
claimants: Each plat contains the official approval of the 

Surveyor General and his certificate of $500 improvements, 
as returned by the Mineral Surveyor. 

Upon receipt by the claimants or their attorneys of the 
plats and transcripts, the matter is in shape for the patent 
application proper. 

Method of Procedure in Patent Applications for Lode 

Claims. 

Upon receipt of the approved plats and transcript of 
notes from the Surveyor General, these are turned over to 
the attorney engaged to prepare the necessary papers in 
the case. (United States Mineral Surveyors are not allowed 
by the rules of the department to act as attorneys in min¬ 
eral cases.) 

1. There is prepared the notice of application for United 
States patent, according to the specified form, describing 
the ground claimed. This is prepared in triplicate, and 
one copy attached to the plat and transcript of notes, is at 
once posted on the claim in the presence of two witnesses. 

These witnesses then subscribe to this posting before 
notary public, in the form proof of posting notice and the 
diagram of the claim. They also attach their names as 
witnesses to the notice of application for patent. 

2. There is then prepared by the attorney the following 
papers constituting the first set. 

Application for patent in regular form and describing 
premises. 


198 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


The abstract of title. (This must be shown to be in 
applicant*) 

The proof of citizenship. (Affidavits showing applicant 
to be United States citizen.) 

Proof of non-abandonment, i. e., that assessment work 
was done for year preceding the application. 

Agreement of publisher. (That he will not hold United 
States responsible for costs.) 

Publication notice. (This is identical with notice of ap¬ 
plication for patent, except that it is not signed by appli¬ 
cant, but left blank for signature of the register of the 
district. 

3. These papers, together wdth the extra plat, tran¬ 
script of notes, and the proof of posting, are then filed with 
the register of the land district, who attaches his signature 
and the serial number of the publication notice, and either 
delivers same to the attorney or forwards it direct to the 
printer. 

4. This publication notice is published for sixty-one 
consecutive days in a daily, or nine consecutive times in 
a w r eekly newspaper. During this time plats, notices and 
transcripts must remain posted. 

5. After expiration of period of publication, attorney 
prepares the second set of papers, as follows: 

Proof of continuous posting (by two witnesses before 
notary). 

Proof of publication. Certificate from the publisher, 

giving dates and number of times published. 

Proof of no suit pending, attested by clerk of county 
w r herein claims exist. 

Proof of sums paid. Made by applicant, detailing 
amounts paid to surveyor, the filing fees, publisher’s ac¬ 
count, and amount tendered received for acreage. Formal 
application to purchase. 

The filing of this paper completes the requisites of 
entry and payment and the register’s proof of posting no- 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 199 

tice, and final certificate of entry completes the patent ap¬ 
plication. 

All papers except a copy of the plat are forwarded by 
the local land office to the department at Washington and 
patent issues within one year, except in cases of over¬ 
crowding the department. 

No assessment work need be done after the issuance of 
the receiver’s receipt. 

The government price for lode claims is $5 for each 
acre or fraction thereof. 

All affidavits must be made before an officer legally 
qualified to administer oaths, and with few minor excep¬ 
tions must be made within the land district. 

A corporation may apply, if its citizenship is properly 
supported. Alien corporations may not patent, and sums 
paid by them are forfeited. 

Time required to obtain receiver’s receipt, six to eight 
months after survey. 

Any other details desired can be supplied. 

Estimate to Claimant Not to Be Made by the Mineral 

Surveyor. 

As per request I am pleased to submit you a detailed 
estimate of the minimum cost of obtaining United States 

patent to the following mining claims, viz.: . 

together with a general statement of the method of pro¬ 
cedure, which may serve to guide you in the matter. 

1. (.) Certified copies of the location notices—one 

for each claim—to be obtained from the county recorder 

at .t and forwarded to the United 

States .Surveyor General at .$ together 

with an application for official survey, drawn up on a spe¬ 
cial blank, which can be furnished by this office. This 
must be signed with the name and address of applicant or 
his attorney. $.* 

2. This application must be accompanied by a certifi- 







200 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


cate of deposit from any bank, designated as a United 
States depository, showing that there has been deposited 
by the claimant, to the credit of the treasurer of the 
United States, a sum sufficient to cover the cost of office 
work on plats, transcripts, etc., in the Surveyor’s General 

office. In this state the cost is $.* for the first 

claim, and $.* for each successive claim or frac¬ 
tion. Total, $.* 

No survey order will be issued unless money is de¬ 
posited and unless application is accompanied by satisfac¬ 
tory location certificates. (See special sheet in regard 
thereto.) 

3. Official survey by United States Mineral Surveyor, in¬ 

cluding all expenses for traveling, assistants, incidentals, 
notary fees (all assistants appearing twice under oath in 
addition to their affidavit of improvements), also all office 
work on plats and field notes, and full returns to the Sur¬ 
veyor General until the final approval of the survey. 
$.* 

4. Attorney work, preparation of the patent application 

and all papers in the case, as listed in the circular entitled 
“Method of Procedure,” including the taking of affidavits 
and all notary fees. $.* 

5. Abstract of title, as shown by the records of the 

county recorder, cost depends upon number of claims, num¬ 
ber of transfers, etc., and is very variable. In this case 
about $.* 

6. Publication of the notice of application for patent. 
This must be advertised in the nearest newspaper to the 
claim, satisfactory to or designated by the register^ of the 
local land office. Amount charged is very variable and is 

a matter for special contract. About $.* Sixty-one 

consecutive days in daily, or nine consecutive weeks. 

7. Fees for filing application for patent at the district 

land office, in this case at .§ 










MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


201 


Payment must be made to the receiver when first set of 
papers are filed. $.* 

8. Proof of posting plats, etc., and proof that plats, 

etc., have remained posted. Two witnesses must in each 
case subscribe to these affidavits. Cost is very variable, 
depending on distance witnesses must cover in going to 
claim and to notary. About $.* 

9. Certificate of no suit pending, proof of non-abandon¬ 

ment, proofs of sums paid, and miscellaneous affidavits, if 
necessary. About $.* 

10. Purchase price from United States government for 
the land. Amount to be paid to the receiver of the district 
land office by the claimant for the acreage as returned by 
the Mineral Surveyor. Fractional acres are charged as full 
acres. Rate is $5 per acre for lode claims and millsites, 

and $2.50 per acre for placers. About . 

acres at $.* 

Estimated total, $.* 

I 

If any adverses or protests be filed, costs are at once 
increased largely, and no approximate estimates can be 
made. 

Notation to Accompany Surveyor’s Estimate. 

Many of the ordinary location notices upon which claims 
are held are not deemed “sufficient” by the Surveyor Gen¬ 
eral, and survey orders will not be issued upon them with 
out amendment. 

Satisfactory location certificates must in general be 
drawn up after a certain recognized government form, and 
state with great explicitness the locality and boundaries 
of the claim. The Surveyor General is authorized to re¬ 
fuse survey orders on notices that are vague, indefinite, 
faulty, or that will not serve to fix the boundaries of the 
claim upon the public domain. 

Furthermore, the surveyor is expressly prohibited from 
including any ground outside of the original boundaries 








202 , MINERAL, LAND SURVEYING. 

of the claim, even though said ground may be vacant at 
the time of survey, and neither side line may be over 300 
feet distant from the middle of the vein at the surface. 
Any attempt to evade these requirements will probably 
cause a disapproval of the survey, or if successfully evaded 
in the plat and field notes, the entire application is subject 
to protest and cancellation in the land office. 

This last requirement, together with the well-recognized 
principle that the end lines must be made parallel, often 
serves to cut off ground from the claim which can not be 
included in the patent application. 

Very often this ground is valuable and must be made 
the subject of another survey and application, with its 
attendant cost. 

It is, therefore, generally advisable, in all cases where 
claims have not already been surveyed for amended loca¬ 
tion, to first make a preliminary survey of the claim-s, tak¬ 
ing up all fractions and vacant ground, shifting the orig- 
inal locations, if necessary, so that the side lines and dis¬ 
covery point present the proper relations to each other. 
Formal amended certificates are then filed, disposing of 
the ground in exactly the manner desired in the patent. A 
survey order may at once be obtained from these certifi¬ 
cates and a survey based upon such re-location generally 
meets with prompt approval. 

None whatever of the original rights are lost by this 
amendment, but, on the contrary, this simple procedure 
does away with nearly all of the protests, adverses, apex 
litigation, and other difficulties attendant upon the exer¬ 
cise of mining rights. 

H. J. JORY. 


* To oe filled in in accordance with the list of charges 
adopted by the Surveyors General in each state or territory, 
t County in which claim is located. 
t Capital of state or territory. 

§ Land district office in state or territory. 



APPENDIX. 


The following extracts are from the 

MANUAL OF INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE SURVEY OF 
THE MINERAL LANDS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Washington: Government Printing Office, 1909. 

DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR. 

General Land Office, 

Washington, D. C., September 11, 1908. 
To United States Mineral Surveyors. 

Sirs: These regulations are chiefly compiled from the 

practice of the various surveying districts, no changes or 
additions being made, except where necessary to secure uni¬ 
formity and to conform to present interpretations of the 
law. 

You are expected to strictly comply with these instruc¬ 
tions, and no survey w r ill be accepted or approved by the 
surveyor general until all the requirements herein have been 
fully met. 

Very respectfully, 

FRED DENNETT, 

Commissioner. 

Approved, October 6, 1908. 

FRANK PIERCE, 

First Assistant Secretary. 


GENERAL INFORMATION. 

Appointments. 

1. Under section 2334, United States Revised Statutes, 
the United States surveyor general “may appoint in each 
land district containing mineral lands as many competent 





204 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


surveyors as shall apply for appointment to survey mining 
claims.” 

2. Capable persons desiring such appointments should 
therefore file their applications with the surveyor general 
for the district wherein appointment is asked, who will fur¬ 
nish all information necessary. 

3. Mineral surveyors may, at the same time, be ap¬ 
pointed in more than one State or land district. (20 L. D., 
163.) 

4. The surveyors general have authority to suspend or 
revoke the appointments of mineral surveyors for cause. 
The surveyors, however, will be allowed the right of appeal 
from the action of the surveyor general in the usual man¬ 
ner. The appeal must be filed with the surveyor general, 
who will at once transmit the same, with a full report, to 
the General Land Office. (20 L. D., 2S3.) 

5. Neither the surveyor general nor the Commissioner 
of the General Land Office has jurisdiction to settle differ¬ 
ences, relative to the payment of charges for field work, be¬ 
tween mineral surveyors and claimants. These are matters 
of private contract and must be enforced in the ordinary 
manner, i. e., in the local courts. The department has, how¬ 
ever, authority to investigate charges affecting the official 
actions of mineral surveyors, including combinations to fix 
prices for survey work, and will, on sufficient cause shown, 
suspend or revoke the appointment of the surveyor. 

6. Where error in the original survey appears to be the 
fault of the mineral surveyor who made the survey, he 
should be required to make the necessary corrections in the 
field as speedily as practicable; and upon his failure or re¬ 
fusal, without satisfactory reason, to comply with instruc¬ 
tions within a specified time, he should be called upon to 
show why his appointment should not be suspended or re¬ 
voked for willful neglect or incompetency. In the event he 
fails or refuses to comply with the instructions, the mineral 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 205 

claimant will be notified and given a reasonable time to 
apply for an amended survey. 

7. These instructions are subject to the limitations of 
section 2324, United States Revised Statutes, so far as the 
same refers to local laws and customs. 

8. The Commissioner of the General Land Office is ex- 
officio United States surveyor general for Arkansas and 
Florida, and all surveys in Oklahoma are made under his 
direction as Commissioner. 

Bonds. 

9. All bonds of mineral surveyors must be submitted to 
the Commissioner of the General Land Office for approval. 

10. The appointment of a mineral surveyor is not for any 
fixed period, the continuation thereof depending upon the 
character of the service rendered. The surveyor general 
will, therefore, not appoint mineral surveyors for a specified 
term. While under the act of March 2, 1895 (28 Stat., 807), 
mineral surveyors’ bonds are examined every two years as 
to their sufficiency, and new bonds required every four years 
from their dates; the latter requirement is not because the 
term has then expired. 

11. A mineral surveyor is not authorized to perform any 
work under his appointment until his official bond shall 
have been accepted by the Commissioner of the General 
Land Office. The bond shall be in a sum not less than 
$5,000, and will become effective and the liability of the 
principal and surety will begin with the acceptance of the 
bond by the Commissioner. 

12. Bonds cannot be cancelled, nor can the surety thereto 
withdraw, to the extent of relieving the surety of liability 
for defaults during the time the principal performed his 
duties thereunder. The most that may be done is to relieve 
the surety of future responsibility by requiring a new bond, 
or by the retirement from office of the principal, by formal 
notice from the Commissioner of the General Land Office. 

13. Mineral Surveyors’ bonds will be examined every 


206 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


two years by the surveyor general as to their sufficiency, 
and every four years such bonds shall be renewed as pro¬ 
vided by the act of March 2, 1895 (28 Stat., 807). Only cor¬ 
porate sureties will be accepted. 

14. If at any time the surveyor general deems the 
surety on a bond insufficient, he will report the matter to 
the Commissioner of the General Land Office for instruc¬ 
tions, notifying- the mineral surveyor of his action, and the 
mineral surveyor will be required to renew his bond within 
sixty days under penalty of revocation of his appointment, 
unless satisfactory explanation of delay is offered therefor. 
Unsatisfactory service, also, will be deemed sufficient cause 
for a revocation of an appointment, but the surveyor gen¬ 
eral’s action therein, subject to appeal, will require the ap¬ 
proval of the Commissioner of the General Land Office. 

15. The acceptance of a bond will be based upon an ev¬ 
ident desirability or necessity therefor, and, prior to an ac¬ 
ceptance of such bond, the principal will be required to 
make satisfactory explanation to the surveyor general, sup¬ 
porting his tender of same. 


INSTRUCTIONS TO MINERAL SURVEYORS. 

General. 

1. All official communications must be addressed to the ’ 
surveyor general. You will always refer to the date and 
subject-matter of the letter to which you reply, and when a 
mineral claim is the subject of correspondence, you will 
give the name and survey number. 

2. You should keep a complete record of each survey 
made by you, and of the facts coming to your knowledge at 
the time, as well as copies of all your field notes, reports, 
and official correspondence, in order that such evidence may 
be readily produced when called for at any future time. 

3. Field notes and other reports must be written in a 
clear and legible hand or typewritten, in noncopying ink, 



MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


207 


and upon the proper blanks gratuitously furnished you by 
the surveyor general’s office upon application. No interlin¬ 
eations or erasures will be allowed, and no abbreviations or 
symbols must be used, except such as are indicated in the 
specimen field notes. 

4. No return by you will be recognized as official unless 
it is over your signature as a United States mineral sur¬ 
veyor and made in pursuance of a special order from the 
surveyor general’s office. After you have received an order 
for survey, you are required to make the survey and return 
correct field notes thereof to the surveyor general’s office 
without delay. 

5. The claimant is required, in all cases, to make satis¬ 
factory arrangements with you for the payment for your 
services and those of your assistants in making the survey, 
as the United States will not be held responsible for the 
same. You will call the attention of applicants for mineral- 
survey orders to the requirements of paragraph 12 of the 
circular, Appendix A. (Sec. 2334, U. S. Rev. Stats., par. 90, 
Mining Circular, May 21, 1907.) 

6. Jou will promptly notify the surveyor general’s office 
of any change in your postoffice address. (20 L. D., 163.) 

7. You are precluded from acting, either directly or in¬ 
directly, as attorney in mineral claims. Your duty in any 
particular case ceases when you have executed the survey 
and returned the field notes and preliminary plat, with your 
report, to the surveyor general. You will not be allowed to 
prepare for the mining claimant the papers in support of 
his application for patent, or otherwise perform the duties 
of an attorney before the land office in connection with a 
mining claim. You are not permitted to combine the duties 
of surveyor and notary public in the same case by adminis¬ 
tering oaths to the parties in interest. It is preferable that 
both preliminary and final oaths of assistants should be 
taken before some officer duly authorized to administer 
oaths, other than the mineral surveyor. In cases, however, 


208 


MINERAL. LAND SURVEYING. 


where great delay, expense, or inconvenience would result 
from a strict compliance with this rule, you are authorized 
to administer the necessary oaths to your assistants, but 
in each case where this is done, you will submit to the 
proper surveyor general a full written report of the cir¬ 
cumstances which required your stated action; otherwise 
you must have absolutely nothing to do with the case, ex¬ 
cept in your official capacity as surveyor. 

The Field Work. 

8. The survey made and reported must, in every case, 
be an actual survey on the ground in full detail, made by 
you in person after the receipt of the order, and without 
reference to any knowledge you may have previously ac¬ 
quired by reason of having made the location survey or oth¬ 
erwise, and must show the actual facts existing at the time. 
This precludes you from calculating the connections to cor¬ 
ners of the public survey and mineral monuments, or any 
other lines of your survey through prior surveys, unless it 
is satisfactorily shown in your report that you have re¬ 
traced such lines and found them to be correct. (6 L. D., 
718; 7 L. D.-, 81.) 

The term survey in these instructions applies not only to 
the usual held work, but also to the examinations required 
for the preparation of your affidavits of $500 expenditure, 
descriptive reports on placer claims, and all other reports 

Survey and Location. 

9. The survey of a mining claim may include several 
contiguous locations owned in common, but such survey 
must, in conformity with statutory requirements, distinguish 
the several locations, and exhibit the boundaries of each. 
(5 L. D., 199; 6 L. D., 808; 29 L. D., 585.) 

10. The survey must be made in strict conformity with, 
or be embraced within, the lines* of the location upon which 
the order is based. If the survey and location are identical, 
that fact must be clearly and distinctly stated in your field 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


209 


notes. If not identical, a bearing and distance must be 
given from each established corner of the survey to the cor¬ 
responding corner of the location, and the location corner 
must be fully described, so that it can be identified. The 
lines of the location, as found upon the ground, must be 
laid down upon the preliminary plat in such a manner as to 
contrast and show their relation to the lines of survey. (1 
L. D., 581.) 

The survey will be given but one number. A location 
under the mining laws can legally be made only of a tract 
or piece of land embraced within one set of boundary lines; 
and tw r o or more tracts merely cornering with each other 
cannot legally be embraced in a single location. (33 L. D., 
560; 35 L. D., 485.) 

11. In accordance wfith the principle that courses and 
distances must give way when in conflict with fixed objects 
and monuments, you will not under any circumstances 
change the corners of the location for the purpose of mak¬ 
ing them conform to the description in the record. If the 
difference from the location be slight, it may be explained 
in the field notes. 

The act of Congress of May 10, 1872, expressly provides 
that “the location must be distinctly marked upon the 
ground so that its boundaries can be readily traced,” and 
“that all records of mining claims hereafter made shall con¬ 
tain the name or names of the locators, the date of the lo¬ 
cation, and such a description of the claim or claims lo¬ 
cated, by reference to some natural object or permanent 
monument, as will identify the claim.” (Sec. 2324, U. S. 
Rev. Stats.) 

These provisions of the law must be strictly complied 
with in each case to entitle the claimant to a survey and 
patent, and, therefore, should a claimant under a location 
made subsequent to the passage of the act of May 10, 1872, 

who has not complied with said requirements in regard to 
marking the location upon the ground and recording the 


210 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


same, apply for a survey, you will decline to make it. (1 

L. D., 582.) You will then report the facts to the surveyor 
general and await further instructions. 

Should the survey be applied for under a location made 
prior to May 10, 1872, under section 2332, United States Re¬ 
vised Statutes, in making the survey thereof you will be 
governed by the special instructions accompanying the or¬ 
der for survey. 

No mining claim located subsequent to May 10, 1872, 

should exceed the statutory limit in width on each side of 
the center of vein, or 1,500 feet in length, and all surveys 
must close within 50/100 feet in 1,000 feet, and the error 
must not be such as to make the location exceed the statu¬ 
tory limit; and in absence of other proof the discovery 
point is held to be the center of the vein on the surface. 
The course and length of the vein should be marked upon 
the plat and specifically described in the field notes. 

Lode Line and End Lines. 

It was held (syllabus) in 35 L. D., 22, that— 

'‘There is no warrant in the mining laws for extending, 
arbitrarily and without any basis of fact therefor, the vein 
or lode line of a location in an irregular and zigzag man¬ 
ner for the purpose of controlling the length or situation of 
the exterior lines of the location to suit the convenience, 
real or imagined, of the locator. 

“The end lines of a lode location must be straight and 
parallel to each other and when at right angles with the 
side lines may not exceed six hundred feet in length. 

“The mining laws contemplate that the end lines of a 
lode claim shall have substantial existence in fact, and in 
length shall reasonably comport with the width of the claim 
as located.” 

Instrument. 

12. All mineral surveys must be made with a transit, 
either with or without solar attachment, by which the me¬ 
ridian can be determined independently of the magnetic 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


211 


needle, and all courses must be referred to the true meridian. 
The variation should be noted at each corner of the survey. 

The True Meridian. 

13. The true course of at least one line of each survey 
must be ascertained by astronomical observations, i. e., 
either Polaris or sun observations, made at the time of the 
survey; .the data for determining the same and details as to 
how these data were arrived at must be given. Or, in lieu 
of the foregoing, the survey must be connected with some 
line the true course of which has been previously estab¬ 
lished beyond question, and in a similar manner by your¬ 
self, and, when such lines exist, it is desirable in all cases 
that they should be used as a proof of the accuracy of sub¬ 
sequent work. In this connection you will be governed by 
the instructions for methods of obtaining a true meridian. 

Connections. 

14. Connect corner No. 1 of each location embraced in 
your survey by course and distance with nearest corner of 
the public survey or with a United States mineral monu¬ 
ment if the claim lies within 2 miles of such corner or mon¬ 
ument. If both are within the required distance, you must 
connect with the nearest corner of the public survey. (7 L. 
D., 475; paragraph 36, Mining Circular, May 21, 1907.) 

(a) You will make surveys and connection of mineral 
claims in suspended townships, so long as they remain sus¬ 
pended, in the same manner as though the claims were upon 
unsurveyed land, except as hereinbefore specified, by con¬ 
necting them with independent mineral monunients. At 
the same time you will note the position of any public land 
corner which may be found in the neighborhood of the 
claim, so that, in case of the release of the township plat 
from suspension, the position of the claim can be shown on 
the plat. 

(b) A mineral survey must not be returned with its 
connection made only with a corner of the public survey, 


212 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


where the survey of the township within which it is situ¬ 
ated is under suspension, nor connected with a mineral 
monument alone when situated within the limits of a town¬ 
ship or within 2 miles of a corner thereof the regularity 
and correctness of the survey of which is unquestioned. 

If a mining claim is situated within the limits of a town¬ 
ship, the regularity and correctness of the survey of which 
is unquestioned but no corner of the public survey can be 
found within two miles of the claim after diligent search, 
connection may be made with a mineral monument, the 
mineral monument to be connected with a regularly estab¬ 
lished survey corner. 

(c) In making an official survey hereafter you will es¬ 
tablish corner No. 1 of each location embraced in your sur¬ 
vey at the corner nearest the corner of the public survey or 
mineral monument, unless good cause is shown for its be¬ 
ing placed otherwise. If connections are given to both a 
corner of the public survey and mineral monument, corners 
Nos. 1 should be placed at the end nearest the corner of the 
public survey. 

15. When a boundary line of a mineral claim intersects 
a section line, give courses and distances from the points 
of intersection to the corners of the public surveys at each 
end of the half mile of section line so intersected. 

Mineral Monuments. 

16. In case your survey is situated in a district where 
there are no corners of the public survey and no monuments 
within the prescribed limits, you will proceed to establish a 
mineral monument, in the location of which you will exer¬ 
cise the greatest care to insure permanency as to site a,nd 
construction. 

The site, when practicable, should be some prominent 
point, visible for a long distance from every direction, and 
should be so chosen that the permanency of the monument 
will not be endangered by snow, rock or landslides, or other 
natural causes. Its position with reference to latitude and 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 213 

longitude should be determined and stated as accurately as 
the instruments used will permit. 

17. The monument should consist of a stone not less 
than 30 inches long, 20 inches wide, and 6 inches thick, set 
half w T ay in the ground, with a conical mound of stone 4 
feet high and 6 feet base alongside. The letters U. S. M. 
M., followed by the consecutive number of the monument in 
the district, must be plainly chiseled upon the stone. If 
impracticable to obtain a stone of required dimensions, then 
a post 8 feet long, 6 inches square, set 3 feet in the ground, 
scribed as for a stone monument, protected by a well-built 
conical mound of stone of not less than 3 feet high and 6 
feet base around it, may be used. The exact point for con¬ 
nection must be indicated on the monument by a + chiseled 
thereon; if a post is used, then a tack must be driven into 
the post to indicate the point. Any necessary departure 
from the prescribed material and size of monument must 
be fully explained. 

18. From the monument connections by course and dis¬ 
tance must be taken to two or three bearing trees or rocks, 
and to any w r ell-known and permanent objects in the vicin¬ 
ity, such as the confluence of streams, prominent rocks, 
buildings, shafts, or mouths of adits. Bearing trees must 
be properly scribed B T and bearing rocks chiseled B R to¬ 
gether with the number of the mineral monument; the ex¬ 
act point on the tree or stone to which the connection is 
taken should be indicated by a cross or other unmistakable 
mark. Bearings should also be taken to prominent moun¬ 
tain peaks, and the approximate distance and direction 
ascertained from the nearest town or mining camp. A 
detailed description of the mineral monument, with a to¬ 
pographical map of its location, should be furnished the 
General Land Office. 

* Where practicable, it is desired that mineral surveyors 
connect by course and distance with mineral monuments 
in the vicinity other than those prescribed for connections 


214 


MINERAL, LAND SURVEYING. 


as being within the limitation of distance. The purpose 
of this is to enable the General Land Office to locate the 
various mineral monuments established and used prior to 
the extension of the public subdivisional surveys over the 
land. 


Corners. 

19. Corners may consist of— 

(1) A stone at least 24 inches long set 12 inches in the 
ground, with a conical mound of stone 1 y 2 feet high, 2 feet 
base, alongside, and state kind of stone set for corner. A 
stone should always be used for a corner when possible. 

(2) A post at least 3 feet long by 4 inches square, set 
18 inches in the ground and surrounded by a substantial 

mound of stone or earth. 

(3) A rock in place. 

Should it become necessary to vary from these instruc¬ 
tions, your returns must contain a full statement of tne 
reason for establishing a corner differing from those pre¬ 
scribed. 


20. All corners must be established in a permanent and 
workmanlike manner, and the corner and survey number 
must be neatly chiseled or scribed on the sides facing the 


claim. The exact corner point must be permanently indi¬ 
cated on the corner. When a rock in place is used its di¬ 


mensions above ground must be stated, and a cross chiseled’ 
at the exact corner point. 

21. In case the point for the corner be inaccessible or 
unsuitable, you will establish a witness corner, which must 
be marked with the letters W C in addition to the corner 
and survey number. The witness corner should be located 
upon a line of the survey and as near as possible to the 
true corner wffth which it must be connected by course and 
distance. The reason why it is impossible or impractica¬ 
ble to establish the true corner must always be stated in the 
field notes, and in running your next course state whether 


you start from the true place for corner or from witness 


corner. 




MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


215 


22. The identity of all corners should be perpetuated 
by taking the courses and distances to bearing trees, rocks, 
and other objects, as prescribed in the establishment of 
mineral monuments, and when no bearings are given, state 
“no bearings available.” Permanent objects should be se¬ 
lected for bearings whenever possible. 

23. If an official mineral survey has been made in the 
vicinity, within a reasonable distance, a further connecting 
line should be run to some corner thereof; and in like man¬ 
ner all conflicting surveys and locations should be so con¬ 
nected, and the corner with w T hich connection is made in 
each case described. Such connections will be made and 
conflicts shown according to the boundaries of the neigh¬ 
boring or conflicting claims as each is marked, defined, and 
actually established upon the ground. You will fully and 
specifically state in your returns how and by what visible 
evidences you w T ere able to identify on the ground the 
several conflicting surveys and those which appear accord¬ 
ing to their returned tie or boundary lines to conflict, if 
they were so identified, and report errors or discrepancies 
found by you in any such surveys. In the survey of con¬ 
tiguous claims which constitute a consolidated group, 
where corners are common, bearings should be mentioned 
but once. 

Tubular iron posts with flaring base, cement core, and 
brass cap for marking with steel stamps, have been adopted 
for agricultural public-land-survey corners, and it is be¬ 
lieved that, wherever possible, the establishment of similar 
corners for mineral surveys would add greatly to the value 
of the survey made. Such corners are identified at a 
glance, may be accurately set, are difficult to move, easily 
found, and are indestructible. Their use is recommended. 

Topography. 

24. Note carefully all topographical features of the 
claim, taking distances on your lines to intersections with 






216 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


all streams, gulches, ditches, ravines, mountain ridges, 
roads, trails, etc., with their widths, courses, and other data 
that may be required to map them correctly. If the claim 
lies within a townsite locate all municipal improvements, 
such as blocks, streets and buildings. 

Conflicts. 

25. If, in running the exterior lines of a claim, the 
survey is found to conflict with the survey of another claim, 
the distances to the points of intersection, and the courses 
and distances along the line intersected from an established 
corner of such conflicting claim to such points of intersec¬ 
tion, should be described in the field notes: Provided, That 
where a corner of the conflicting survey falls within the 
claim being surveyed, such corner should be selected from 
which to give the bearing, otherwise the corner nearest the 
intersection should be taken. The same rule should gov¬ 
ern in the survey of claims embracing two or more loca¬ 
tions the lines of which intersect. 

Lode and Mill Site. 

26. A lode and mill-site claim in one survey will be 
distinguished by the letters A and B following the number 
of the survey. The corners of the mill site will be numbered 
independently of those of the lode. Corner No. 1 of the mill 
site must be connected with a corner of the lode claim as 
well as with a corner of the public survey or mineral mon¬ 
ument. 

Field Notes. 

27. In order that the results of your survey may be re¬ 
ported in a uniform manner, you will prepare your field 
notes and preliminary plat in strict conformity with the 
specimen field notes and plats, which are made part of 
these instructions. They are designed to furnish you all 
the needed information concerning the manner of describ¬ 
ing the boundaries, corners, connections, intersections, con¬ 
flicts, and improvements, and stating the variation, area, 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


217 


location, and other data connected with the survey of min¬ 
eral claims, and certain forms of affidavits for the sur¬ 
veyor and his assistants. 

28. When a placer claim includes lodes, or when sev¬ 
eral contiguous placer or lode locations are included as one 
claim in one survey, you will give to the corners of each 
location constituting the same a separate consecutive nu¬ 
merical designation, beginning with corner No. 1 in each 
case. In the former case, you will first describe the placer 
claim in your field notes. 

29. Throughout thj description of the survey, after 
each reference to the lines or corners of a location, give 
the name thereof, and if unsurveyed state the fact. If ref¬ 
erence is made to a location included in a prior official sur¬ 
vey, the survey number must be given, followed by the 
name of the location. Describe your corners once only. 

30. The total area of each location in a group embraced 
by its exterior boundaries, and also the area in conflict with 
each intersecting survey or claim, should be stated. The 
area claimed will not be stated. But when locations of the 
survey conflict with each other such conflicts should only, 
be stated in connection with the location from which the 
conflicting area is excluded. 

The field notes and plat of survey should not show ex¬ 
clusions, or attempt to specify the net area of the claim. 
These are matters for the applicant to state in connection 
with his application for patent, and the notices posted and 
published. The field notes should merely show the total 
and net areas of conflict, so that any exclusion desired may 
be readily made. 

31. You will state particularly whether the claim is 
upon surveyed or unsurveyed public,lands, giving in the 
former case the quarter section, township, and range in 
which it is located, and in the latter, the township and 
range as near as can be determined. Wffien upon surveyed 


218 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


lands the section lines should be indicated by full lines and 
the quarter-section lines by dotted lines. 

32. The title page must contain the postoffice address of 
the claimant or his authorized agent. 

Expenditure of $500. 

33. In making out your certificate of the value of the 
improvements, you will follow the form prescribed in the 
specimen field notes. 

34. Only actual expenditures and mining improvements 

t 

made by the claimant or his grantors, having a direct rela¬ 
tion to the development of the claim, can be included in 
your estimate. “Labor or improvements, within the mean¬ 
ing of the statute, are deemed to have been had on a min¬ 
ing claim, whether it consists of one location or several, 
when the labor is performed or the improvements are made 
for its development, that is, to facilitate the extraction of 
the metals it may contain.” (6 L. D., 222.) 

35. The expenditures required may be made from the 
surface or in running a tunnel, drifts, or crosscuts, for the 
development of the claim. Improvements of any other 
character, such as buildings, machinery, or roadways, must 
be excluded from your estimate unless you show clearly 
that they are associated with actual excavations, such as 
cuts, tunnels, shafts, etc., are essential to the practical de- ' 
velopment of, and actually facilitate the extraction of min¬ 
eral from the claim. 

36. You will locate all mining and other improvement’s 
upon the claim by courses and distances from corners or 
the survey, or from points on the indicated lode line, or side 
lines, specifying with particularity and detail the dimen¬ 
sions and character of each, and the improvements upon 
each location should be numbered consecutively, the point 
of discovery being always No. 1. Improvements made by a 
former locator, who has abandoned his claim, can not be 
included in the estimate, but should be described and lo- 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


219 


cated by separate statement, in the notes and on the plat. 

37. You wiH give in detail the value of each mining 
improvement included in your estimate of expenditures, 
and when a tunnel or other improvement has been 
made for the development of other claims in connec¬ 
tion with the one for which survey is made, you must give 
the name, ownership, and survey number, if any, of each 
claim to be credited, and the value of the interest credited- 
to each claim. 

38. In case of a lode and mill site in the same survey, 
an expenditure of $500 is required to be shown upon the 
lode claim only. 

Common Improvements, Etc. 

39. When a survey embraces several locations held in 
common constituting one entire claim whether lode or 
placer, an expenditure of $500 for each location embraced 
in the survey will be sufficient. 

It was held (syllabus) in 35 L. D., 361, that— 

‘Where several contiguous mining claims are held in 
common and expenditures are made upon an improvement 
intended to aid in the common development of all of the 
claims so held, and which is of such character as to redound 
to the benefit of all, such improvement is properly called a 
common improvement. 

“Each of a group of contiguous mining claims held in 
common and developed by a common improvement has an 
equal, undivided interest in such improvement, which is to 
be determined by a calculation based upon the number of 
claims in the group and the value of the common improve¬ 
ment. 

“There is no authority in the law for an unequal as¬ 
signment of credits out of the cost of an improvement made 
for the common benefit of a number of mining claims, or 
the apportionment of a physical segment of an improve¬ 
ment of that character to any particular claim or claims of 
the number, such an arbitrary judgment of credits, as the 



220 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


exigencies of the case may seem to require, being utterly at 
variance with the essential idea inherent in the term, a 
common improvement. 

“In any patent proceedings where a part of a group of 
mining claims is applied for and reliance is had upon a com¬ 
mon improvement, the land department should be fully ad¬ 
vised as to the total number of claims embraced in the 
group, as to their ownership, and as to their relative situa¬ 
tions, properly delineated upon an authenticated map or 
diagram. Such information should always be furnished in 
connection with the first proceeding involving an applica¬ 
tion of credit from the common improvement, and should 
be referred to and properly supplemented in each subse¬ 
quent patent application in which a like credit is sought to 
be applied.” 

Improvements Succeed Locations, Etc. 

It was held (syllabus) in 36 L. D., 551, that— 

“A common improvement or system, offered for patent 
purposes, although of sufficient aggregate value and of the 
requisite benefit to all the mining claims of a group, can not 
be accepted as it then stands in full satisfaction of the stat¬ 
utory requirement as to sucli of the claims the location of 
which it preceded, the law requiring that an expenditure ot 
at least $500 shall succeed the location of every claim. 

“If the requisite benefit to the group is shown, or to the 
extent of such of the claims as are so benefited, and the el¬ 
ements of contiguity and common interest in the claims 
concerned appear; if the improvement represents a total 
value sufficient for patent purposes for the number of 

claims so involved; if for each claim located after the par- 

\ 

tial construction of the improvement the latter has been 
subsequently extended so as to represent an added value of 

not less than $500, each is entitled under the law to a share 

• 

of the value of the common improvement in its entirety, 
no claim receiving more or less than another from that 
source, participating therein without distinction or differ- 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


221 


ence, and as to each the statutory requirement is satisfied.” 

40. The explanatory statement in such cases should be 
given in your field notes, or affidavit, at the conclusion of 
the description of the improvements included in the esti¬ 
mate of expenditure, and should be as full and explicit as 
the facts in the case warrant, dealing- only with the im¬ 
provements, conditions, and circumstances as they actually 
existed at the time of making the survey or examination. 

41. If the value of the labor and improvements upon a 
mineral claim is less than $500 at the time of survey, you 
are authorized to file thereafter supplemental proof, show¬ 
ing $500 expenditure made prior to the expiration of the 
period of publication. The information on which to base 
this proof must be derived by the surveyor, who makes the 
actual survey, from a careful examination upon the prem¬ 
ises. 

42. You will file wfith your field notes a preliminary 
plat made on tracing cloth, protracted on a scale of 200 feet 
to an inch, if practicable, in conformity with the specimen 
plat herewith. In preparing plats make the top north. 
•Copy of your calculations of areas by double meridian 
distances and of all triangulations or traverse lines must 
also be furnished. The lines of the claim surveyed, on this 
plat and on all plats of approved surveys, should be heavier 
and show a contrast with conflicting claims. 

Errors. 

43. Where error in an original survey appears prior to 
the issuance of patent, the surveyor, who made such sur¬ 
vey, will be required to make the necessary corrections in 
the field within a specified time; and failure or refusal, 
without satisfactory reason therefor, to comply with in¬ 
structions will be followed by suspension or revocation of 
appointment. The mineral claimant will be notified of the 
action taken and given a reasonable time to apply for an 
qmended survey. 


222 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


Whenever a survey is reported in error by a surveyor, 
the surveyor who made the survey will be required promptly 
to examine same upon the ground, and, if found in error, 
will report the errors in detail, under oath, to the surveyor 
general’s office. If he should report his survey correct, a 
joint survey with the surveyor who reported the errors will 
be ordered to settle the difference. 

Joint Survey. 

44. A joint survey must be made within ten days after 
the date of order, unless satisfactory reasons are submitted, 
under oath, for a postponement. 

45. The field work must in every sense of the term be 
a joint and not a separate survey, and the observations ahd 
measurements taken with the same instrument and chain, 
previously tested and agreed upon. 

46. The surveyor found in error, will make out the field 
notes of the joint survey, which, after being duly signed and. 
sworn to by both parties, must be transmitted to the sur¬ 
veyor general’s office. 

Amended Surveys. 

47. Inasmuch as amended surveys are ordered only by 
special instructions from the General Land Office, and the 
conditions and circumstances peculiar to each separate case, 
and the object sought by the required amendment, alone 
govern all special matters relative to the manner of making 
such survey and the form and subject-matter to be em¬ 
braced in the field notes thereof, but few general rules ap¬ 
plicable to all cases can be laid down. 

48. The amended survey must be made in strict con¬ 
formity with, or be embraced within, the lines of the orig- 

» 

inal survey. If the amended and original surveys are iden¬ 
tical, that fact must be clearly and distinctly stated in your 
field notes. If not identical, a bearing and distance must 
be given from each established corner of the amended sur¬ 
vey to the corresponding corner of the original survey. The 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING, 


223 


lines of the original survey, as found upon the ground, must 
be laid down upon the preliminary plat in such manner as 
to contrast and show their relation to the lines of the 
amended survey. 

49. The field notes of the amended survey must be pre¬ 
pared on the same size and form of blanks as are the field 
notes of the original survey, and the wmrd “amended” must 
be used before the word “survey” wherever it occurs in the 
field notes. 

Descriptive Reports on Placer Claims. 

50. By General Land Office circular, approved May 21, 
1907, paragraph 60, you are required to make a full exam¬ 
ination of all placer claims at the time of survey, and file 
with your field notes a descriptive report, in which you will 
describe: 

(a) The quality and composition of the soil, and the 
kind and amount of timber, and other vegetation. 

(b) The location and size of streams, and such other 
matter as may appear upon the surface of the claims. 

(c) The character and extent of all surface and under¬ 
ground workings, whether placer or lode, for mining pur¬ 
poses, locating and describing them. 

(d) The proximity of centers of trade or residence. 

(e) The proximity of well-known systems of lode de¬ 
posits or of individual lodes. 

(f) The use or adaptability of the claim for placer 
mining, and whether w r ater has been brought upon it in 
sufficient quantity to mine the same, or whether it can be 
procured for that purpose. 

(g) What works or expenditures have been made by the 
claimant or his grantors for the development of the claim, 
and their situation and location with respect to the same as 
applied for. 

(h) The true situation of all mines, salt licks, salt 
springs, and mill-seats, which come to your knowledge, or 


224 


MINERAL, LAND SURVEYING. 


report that none exist on the claim, as the facts may war¬ 
rant. 

(i) Said report must be made under oath, and duly 
corroborated by one or more disinterested persons. 

51. Descriptive reports, as above, on placer claims taken 
by legal subdivisions will not be made, as mineral survey¬ 
ors have no duties to perform touching such claims. fSec. 
2331, U. S. Rev. Stats., and paragraph 58, Mining Circular, 
approved May 21, 1907.) 

Practice. 

52. Claimants, their attorneys, or parties in interest 
shall not be employed as assistants in making mineral sur¬ 
veys. > 

53. Your field work must be accurately and properly 
performed and your returns made in conformity with the 
foregoing instructions. Errors in the survey must be cor¬ 
rected at your own expense, and if the time required in the 
examination of your returns is increased by reason of your 
neglect or carelessness, you will be required to make an 
additional deposit for office work. You will be held to a 
strict accountability for the faithful discharge of your du¬ 
ties, and will be required to observe fully the requirements 
and regulations in force as to making mineral surveys. If 
found incompetent as a surveyor, careless in the discharge 
of your duties, or guilty of a violation of said regulations,- 
your appointment will be promptly revoked. 

A mineral surveyor is within the purview of section 452 
of the Revised Statutes, which prohibits officers, clerks, and 
employees in the General Land Office from directly or' in¬ 
directly purchasing or becoming interested in the purchase 
of any of the public lands, upon penalty of forfeiture of his 
official position. (36 L. D., 61.) 

Circular to Applicants. 

Applicants for mineral survey orders will observe the 
following requirements in the conduct of their business 



MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


225 


■with the surveyor general’s office, the same being based 
upon the United States mining laws, and circular and spe¬ 
cial instructions from the Commissioner of the General 
Land Office: 

1. All applications for survey orders, descriptive re¬ 
ports on placer claims, or certificates of $500 expenditures, 
should be addressed to the surveyor general, and be signed 
by the claimants; their agents or attorney. 

2. Each application should contain: 

(a) The name of the claimant in full, and as it is de¬ 
sired to appear in the application for patent. 

(b) The name of each location embraced in the claim. 

(c) The name of the land and mining districts in which 
the claim is located. 

(d) The name of the mineral surveyor to whom it is 
desired the order shall be issued. 

(For form of application see page 124.) 

3. The applicant is required to file with each applica¬ 
tion for survey order a copy of the record of location of the 
claim, properly certified by the recorder of the county or 
mining district where the claim is situate. 

4. The mineral surveyor is required to survey the 
claim in strict conformity with or within the lines of the 
location upon which the order of survey is based. The ap¬ 
plicant is therefore advised, before filing his application, to 
see that his location has been made in compliance with the 
law and regulations, and that it properly describes the 
claim for which patent is to be sought. 

Section 2324, United States Revised Statutes, expressly 
provides that “the location must be distinctly marked on 
the ground so that its boundaries can be readily traced.” 
and that “all records of mining claims hereafter made shall 
contain the name or names of the locators, the date of the 
location, and such a description of the claim or claims lo¬ 
cated by reference to some natural object or permanent 
monument as will identify the claim.” 


226 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


These provisions of the law must be strictly complied 
with in each case, to entile a claimant to a survey and 
patent, and therefore should a claimant under a location 
made subsequent to the passage of the mining act of May 
10, 1872 (referred to in said section 2324), who has not com¬ 
plied with such requirements in regard to marking the lo¬ 
cation upon the ground, and recording the same, apply for 
a survey, the surveyor general will decline to order it. 

The only relief for a party under such circumstances 
will be to make a new location in conformity to law and 
regulations, as no survey will be approved by the surveyor 
general’s office, unless these and all other provisions of law 
are substantially complied with. 

A lode locator may not, in the same location, lawfully 
include any surface area, or acquire any incidental mining 
rights therein, outside of the course of, or vertical planes 
drawn downward through, the established end lines of his 
claim extended in their own direction. (35 L. D., 592.) 

5. The surveyor general will furnish the applicant an 
estimate of the cost of the platting and other office work 
connected with the survey in his office, which amount the 
applicant will deposit with any assistant United States- 
treasurer, or designated depository, in favor of the United 
States Treasurer, to be passed to the credit of the fund 
created by “individual depositors for surveys of the public 
lands.” The duplicate certificate issued for such deposit 
will be immediately forwarded to the office of the surveyor 
general by the applicant who will retain the triplicate cer¬ 
tificate for his own use and security. Under no circum¬ 
stances can this deposit be made with or by the surveyor 
general. 

Payment for exemplified copies of plats or other records 
in the office of the surveyor general will be made or remit¬ 
ted directly to that officer, who will promptly receipt for the 
same. (36 L. D., 125.) 

6. The various surveyors general have schedules of 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


227 


rates for office work, and an estimate of the cost in any par¬ 
ticular case may be had upon application. 

Should an applicant deem an estimate excessive, he will 
be allowed the right of appeal to the General Land Office in 
the usual manner. 

In transmitting such an appeal the surveyor general 
should transmit therewith a full report. 

7. An application for an amended survey order must 
be accompanied with a statement setting forth fully the 
reasons for the proposed amendment and all the material 
facias in the matter. 

8. If, after having obtained a survey order, the applicant 
should abandon his purpose of having a survey made, he 
can apply the deposit, less the amount estimated for office 
expenses already incurred, on a survey of another claim if 
one is desired. 

9. Upon discovery of any error or defect in an order 
the applicant is requested to return it to the surveyor gen¬ 
eral’s office for correction or amendment. 

10. If, after having obtained an order for survey, the ap¬ 
plicant should find that the record of location does not 
practically describe the location as staked upon the ground, 
he should file a certified copy of an amended location cer¬ 
tificate, correctly describing the claim, and obtain an 
amended order for survey. 

11. The order of approval of surveys of mineral claims 
is prescribed by General Land Office circular dated March 
3, 1881, as follows: 

The mining survey first applied for shall have the prior¬ 
ity of action in all its stages in the office of the surveyor 
general including the delivery thereof, over any other sur¬ 
vey of the same ground or any portion thereof. 

The surveyor general should not order or .authorize a 
survey of a claim which conflicts with one previously ap¬ 
plied for until tfye survey first applied for has been com¬ 
pleted, examined, approved, and platted, and the plats de- 


228 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


livered, unless the survey, first authorized is not returned 
within a reasonable period, and the applicant for a conflict¬ 
ing survey makes affidavit that he believes (stating the rea¬ 
sons for his belief) that such first applicant has abandoned 
his purpose of having a survey made, or is deferring it for 
vexatious purposes, to wit, to postpone the subsequent ap¬ 
plicant, in which case the surveyor general shall give no¬ 
tice of such charges to such first applicant, and call upon 
him for an explanation under oath of the delay. He shall 
also require the mineral surveyor to make a full state¬ 
ment in writing, explanatory of the delay; and if the sur¬ 
veyor general shall conclude that good and sufficient rea¬ 
sons for such delay do not exist, he shall authorize the ap¬ 
plicant for the conflicting survey to proceed with the same; 
otherwise the order of proceedings shall not be changed. 

When the conflict does not appear until the field notes 
of the respective surveys are returned, then the survey first 
applied for should be first examined, approved, and platted, 
and the plats delivered before the field notes of the survey 
last applied for are taken up for examination or plats con¬ 
structed. 

Whenever an applicant for a survey shall have reason to 
suppose that a conflicting claimant will also apply for a 
survey for patent, he may give notice in writing to the 
surveyor general particularly describing such conflicting 
claim and file a copy of the notice of location of such con¬ 
flicting claim. In such case the surveyor general will not 
order or authorize any survey of such conflicting claim until 
the survey first applied for has been examined, completed, 
approved, and platted, and the plats delivered. 

12. The applicant has the option of employing any 
United States mineral surveyor in the district to execute 
the order of survey, and must make satisfactory arrange¬ 
ments with such surveyor for the payment of his services 
and those of his assistants in making the survey, as the 
United States will not be held responsible for the payment 


MINERAL LAND SURVEYING. 


229 


of the same. The duty of the surveyor in any particular 
case ceases when he has executed the survey and filed his 
returns of survey in the surveyor general’s office. He is not 
allowed to prepare for the mining claimant the papers in 
support of an application for patent, being precluded from 
acting directly or indirectly as attorney in mineral claims. 
(Sec. 2334, U. S. Rev. Stats.) 

13. The applicant is advised of his right to appeal to the 
Commissioner of the General Land Office from the approval 
or disapproval of the survey of his claim. The appeal must 
be in writing or in print, should set forth in brief and clear 
terms the specific points of exception to the ruling appealed 
from, and should be transmitted through the surveyor gen¬ 
eral’s office. 


Technical and Scientific Books 

\ 

PUBLISHED BY THE 

Mining Science Publishing Company 


We Can Furnish Any Tec hnical 
Book in Print 


WESTERN MILL AND SMELTER METHODS OF 

ANALYSIS. 


By Philip H. Argali, B. S., M. A. 


A practical laboratory handbook for the assayer and 
chemist, describing the methods of analysis in every-day 
use in western mills, smelters and custom assay offices. 

Cloth bound. Price, $2.00. 


SULLIVAN’S NEW HYDRAULICS. 
By Marvin E. Sullivan, B. Ph., L. L. D. 


Contains new hydraulic formulas and the rational law 
of variation of coefficients. Includes valuable data relative 
to flow and resistance to flow of all classes of rivers, canals 
flumes, aqueducts, sewers, pipes, fire hose, hydraulic giants 
power mains, nozzles, reducers, etc., together with tables 
and cost of data of pipes trenching and pipe line construc¬ 
tion. 

Cloth bound; 350 pages. Price, $3.00. 









MINING LAW IN PRACTICE. 


By G. W. Miller, E. M., C. E. 


Illustrating the various problems met with in practical 
mining, making locations of claims, obtaining patents, etc. 
The best book on the subject ever written. 

Cloth bound; 300 pages; 35 drawings. Price, $2.00. 


ORIGIN OF ORE DEPOSITS. 


By Etienne Ritter, M. E. 


exceedingly useful book. Fills a need seriously felt 
mining men, and it will have a place in the pocket of 
j ry mining operator. Many a mine superintendent has 
>n puzzled at times by the behavior of the ore body he 
j mining and das' felt that a better knowledge of ore 
deposition would be of immense value to him. 

Price, 50 cents. 


\ LYSIS, DETECTION AND COMMERCIAL VALUE 
OF THE RARE METALS. 


By J. Ohly, Ph. D. 


treatise on the occurrence and distribution of the rare 
medals and earths, the methods of determination and their 
commercial value in the arts and industries, with a his- 
* v ical and statistical review of each. Fourth edition, thor- 
Ov lly revised, enlarged and brought up to date. 

Uloth bound; 300 pages. Price, $3.00. 










FROM PROSPECT TO MINE. 


By Etienne Ritter, M. E. 


Taking the reader, step by step, from the discovery of 
the deposit to its final conversion into metal of commercial 
value, describing in detail the various methods used in 
opening up the mine, mining the ore, concentrating, amal¬ 
gamating, cyaniding and smelting. One of the most valu¬ 
able books published in recent years. 

About 175 pages; profusely illustrated. Price, $2.00. 


INFORMATION FROM MINING SCIENCE. 


As the name would imply, this book is composed of many 
of the more important notes and articles appearing in 
Mining Science from time to time. In republishing this in¬ 
formation in book form the publishers are placing n the 
hands of their readers a large amount of valuable data, so 
indexed as to be readily referred to. It has also frequently 
happened that some article creates so great a demand for 
extra copies of the issue in which it appears that the pub¬ 
lishers find it impossible to fill the order. It is hoped by 
means of this reproduction that most of these difficulties 
may be obviated. 

Vol. I; cloth bound; about 200 pages; illustrated. 
Price, $1.00. 






H 

< 

J 

EU 




§| j 
S| s | 

c 

r>-5o ® rt 

boT^C 
*r o-- =>£ 
° - 


2 

O 

H 

< 

-J 

D 

O 

z 

< 

cc 

h 

o 

h 

X 1 

Hi 

o 

z 


'-'‘•-I'r'^'O w 'l e 

05«JsaSE£i 5 

H ^ cC^nOoi,' 

&c = o§oo 0 |^-;"? 

Sis w 1l^®£"^l 

a5-°Sg?SSag|“« 

Q SSK^K*=EEtE“ 

oS«g.?g?$IS«'gl 

■ D «|”EH§g=|wg 

^WS^cnairo^Stf tn® 

vccccecccc 

a?oococoooo 


aiHooujocoTt' 
caowf wmoo 

” C3 I.-, ts T V If l/j 


t-wcn 

O-NO 

f»ON» 




HHHWWHK££££ 

?UiO«Htt)NG00NO'r 

JUuShhOmhOt-NNO 

5if^*>wa»tbu , 5U5e©MC-3e'> 

"NTfWOfMMHH 
'-'o ooooooooeo 
(CM'I'OOirtOOCIMKTW 

ZZZMmzzoimww 

fc-i _,_ «c ci ec co 


csmmwmmmnnwm 

oeJdodcJoddoo 
.iua>«oo®oo'ua»© 
gOTWOJCQCCOTWCBCCTiK 
O L L l u t l u 11 ^ - fr 
> 000000 co o oo 

hhhhhhh**** 

w yi go a w co t/i K r iJ H H 


i 




















































































































SPECIMEN PRELIMINARY PLAT. 
















'■i- 

ft) 

JK 

a 

m 


iii-i 









t » £ 





< 
















i,A 








► - 






ii 












l!«S;3= 

if 

fr 'SjXviJs ; 

1 

« 

r< 

iiL 

* J iP 


so 5 

>vp : 

7* 

'^|||| 

¥■ 


gS 

3*-ri 

a Wj' 

ss 

At 

fe 

f>{? i 


sJ; 

foil 

(?Ar£ 

M 

if »rjV 

Kart 

pe 

Ms 


i 

fSa 

sa 


®g» 



m 

vjv5v 

in «r»u 

? 'M 1 $j 

■P& 

i 

!'■' 

u* 

*$ 

1 
a «*• 

1 

J 

1 

• ,1ft 

g 


lUT^ 

if’* 

rj: 

PHif 

h1« 

§ 



g>Ti 

uK 

«'ii iiill ■: 

Me 


i 

W 

-J 


Wj 

»-w 

il k L 

Astern 

«* 


a 


iff 

A 

r£ 

A 

5?li 

a 


fe* 

Iiv 

gSw 

s“.&5> 

i 

>£ 























jjt8f! 



% 



£1 


T 




>:f 

y ; 

tr."'-: 

a;, S 

jP* 


gj 














LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



0 003 421 301 P 


































































